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goal of promoting the sound development of international civil aviation as a whole.
Pre-funding of projects
32. The Council considers, notwithstanding the principles of cost-relatedness for charges and of the protection
of users from being charged for facilities that do not exist or are not provided (currently or in the future) that, after having
allowed for possible contributions from non-aeronautical revenues, pre-funding of projects may be accepted in specific
circumstances where this is the most appropriate means of financing long-term, large-scale investment, provided that
strict safeguards are in place, including the following:
i) Effective and transparent economic oversight of user charges and the related provision of services,
including performance auditing and “benchmarking” (comparison of productivity criteria against other
similar enterprises);
ii) Comprehensive and transparent accounting, with assurances that all aviation user charges are, and
will remain, earmarked for civil aviation services or projects;
iii) Advance, transparent and substantive consultation by airports and, to the greatest extent possible,
agreement with users regarding significant projects; and
iv) Application for a limited period of time with users benefiting from lower charges and from smoother
transition in changes to charges than would otherwise have been the case once new facilities or
infrastructure are in place.
Currency issues
33. The Council recommends:
i) That under normal circumstances user charges be expressed and payable in the local currency of the
State concerned;
ii) That under special circumstances, for example where economic conditions are not stable, when a
State proposes, or allows, denomination of user charges in other than local currency, air carriers could
apply the same currency of denomination, using the same exchange rate, for their local ticket sales;
and
iii) That every effort be made to remove obstacles preventing an air carrier based in one State from
transferring in convertible currency its net income from sales in another State.4
4. Further aspects of currency conversion, remittance of earnings and payment of local expenses are contained in Policy and
Guidance Material on the Economic Regulation of International Air Transport (Doc 9587).
II. ICAO’s Policies on Airport Charges 11
Landing charges
34. The Council recommends that the following principles be taken into account when landing charges are
established:
i) Landing charges should be based on the weight formula, using the maximum certificated take off
weight as indicated in the certificate of airworthiness (or other prescribed document) as the basis for
assessment. However, allowance should be made for the use of a fixed charge per aircraft or a
combination of a fixed charge with a weight-related element, in certain circumstances, such as at
congested airports and during peak periods.
ii) The landing charge scale should be based on a constant rate per 1 000 kilograms or pounds in
weight, but the rate may be varied at a certain level or levels of weight if considered necessary.
iii) Where charges for approach and aerodrome control are levied as part of the landing charge or
separately, they could take aircraft weight into account but less than in direct proportion. (Principles
applicable to such charges are addressed more fully in the Policies on Charges for Air Navigation
Services.)
iv) No differentiation in rates should be applied for flights because of the stage length flown.
v) A single charge should be applied for costs of as many as possible of airport-provided facilities and
services for normal landing and take-off of aircraft (generally excluding hangars and certain terminal
building and other facilities as are normally handled by leases or other usual commercial practices).
vi) Where restrictions on aircraft payload are imposed by airport limitations, consideration should be given
locally to adjusting the landing charge indicated by the weight scale in cases where the restrictions are
of a severe and long-lasting nature.
vii) The ordinary landing charge should cover the use of lights and special radio aids for landing where
these are required, since it is in the interest of safety that aircraft operators should not be discouraged
from utilizing aids by the imposition of separate charges for their use. If separate charges are made for
facilities of this kind, they should not be levied on the basis of optional use but should be uniformly
imposed on all landings occurring during periods established by the airport operators.
Parking and hangar charges
35. The Council recommends that the following principles be applied in establishing parking and hangar
　
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