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ground or in a hover, but rises above the other blade in forward flight.
climb-out. The portion of flight operation between takeoff and the initial cruising altitude.
climb-out speed. 14 CFR Part 1: “With respect to rotorcraft, means a referenced airspeed which results in
a flight path clear of the height-velocity envelope during initial climbout.”
“Climb to VFR” (air traffic control). ATC authorization for an aircraft to climb to VFR conditions within
a control zone when the only weather limitation is restricted visibility. The aircraft must remain clear of
clouds while climbing to VFR.
clinometer. A device made of a curved, liquid-filled, glass tube, with a black glass ball inside it. A
clinometer shows the relationship between the object on which it is mounted and a line perpendicular to the
earth’s surface.
A clinometer is built into a turn and slip indicator and a turn coordinator to show the relationship
between the rate of turn and the angle of bank used to make the turn.
clock (electronic equipment). A pulse generator in a piece of electronic equipment used to synchronize
the timing of switching circuits. In a digital computer, the clock determines the speed of the CPU.
clockwise rotation. Rotation of an object in the same direction the hands of a clock move.
closed angle (sheet metal fabrication). An angle formed in sheet metal which has been bent through more
than 90°.
When a piece of sheet metal is bent through 135°, it forms a closed angle of 45°.
closed assembly time. The time elapsing between the assembly of glued joints and the application of
pressure.
closed-center hydraulic system. A hydraulic system in which the selector valves are installed in parallel
with each other. When no unit is being actuated, fluid circulates from the pump back to the reservoir
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Page 131
without flowing through any of the selector valves.
closed-center selector valve. A type of flow-control valve used to direct pressurized fluid into one side of
an actuator, and at the same time, direct the return fluid from the other side of the actuator to the fluid
reservoir.
Closed-center selector valves are connected in parallel between the pressure manifold and the
return manifold.
closed-circuit voltage. The voltage of an electrical circuit, measured when a load is connected and current
is flowing.
closed-loop control. A type of control in which part of the output is fed back to the input. This allows the
input to continually compare the command signals with the output, showing the extent to which the
commands have been complied with.
closed runway. A runway that is unusable for aircraft operations.
closed traffic. Successive operations involving takeoffs and landings or low approaches where the aircraft
does not exit the traffic pattern.
close-grain wood. Wood in which the annual rings are small and close together. In close-grain wood there
is very little difference in the texture of the spring wood and the summer wood, the light and dark stripes in
the wood.
close parallels (airport configuration). Two parallel runways whose extended center lines are separated
by at least 3,400 feet, but less than 4,300 feet. Precision runway monitoring (PRM) systems are available
that permit simultaneous independent ILS approaches.
close-quarter iron. A small hand-held iron with an accurately calibrated thermostat. This iron is used for
heat-shrinking polyester fabrics in areas that would be difficult to work with a large iron.
close-tolerance bolt. A special bolt used in aircraft construction in which the shank is ground to a tolerance
of +0.000, -0.0005 inch. Close-tolerance bolts are identified by a triangle around the mark on the bolt head
that identifies the material of which the bolt is made. The shank of a close-tolerance bolt is not cadmium
plated, but it is kept from rusting by a coating of wax or grease.
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cloud (meteorology). A collection of tiny droplets of water suspended, or floating, in the air. A cloud
forms when invisible water vapor in the air condenses and becomes droplets of visible liquid water.
cloud bank (meteorology). A generally well-defined mass of cloud observed at a distance. It covers an
appreciable portion of the sky on the horizon, but does not extend overhead.
cloudburst (meteorology). A term used to describe an extremely heavy rain.
cloud detection radar (meteorology). A vertically directed radar used to detect cloud bases and tops.
cloud point (petroleum specification). The temperature to which a petroleum product must be cooled for
　
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