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air-cooled turbine blades. Hollow blades on the turbine wheel of certain high-power gas turbine engines.
These blades are cooled by compressor bleed air flowing through them.
air cooling. The removal of unwanted heat by transferring it directly into the air that flows over the
component.
air-core transformer (electrical transformer). A transformer containing two or more coils wound on a
core of paper or other nonmagnetic material. Air-core transformers are normally used for radio-frequency
alternating current.
aircraft. Any weight-carrying device designed to be supported by the air. Airplanes, helicopters, gliders,
and balloons are all types of aircraft. 14 CFR Part 1: “A device that is used or intended to be used for flight
in the air.”
aircraft accident. Any damage or injury that occurs when an aircraft is moving with the intention of flight.
aircraft alteration. The modification of an aircraft, its structure, or its components which changes the
physical or flight characteristics of the aircraft. The Federal Aviation Administration classifies all
alterations as either major alterations or minor alterations.
See major alterations, minor alterations.
aircraft approach category. A grouping of aircraft based on a speed of 1.3 times their stall speed in the
landing configuration at maximum gross landing weight.
Category A------------------Speed less than 91 knots
Category B------------------Speed between 91 and 121 knots
Category C------------------Speed between 121 and 141 knots
Category D------------------Speed between 141 and 166 knots
Category E ------------------Speed of 166 knots or more
aircraft basic operating weight. The basic weight of an aircraft, including the crew, ready for flight but
without payload and fuel. This term is used only for transport aircraft.
aircraft battery. A source of electrical energy for an aircraft that may be used for starting the engine and
as auxiliary electrical power when the engine-driven generator is not operating.
aircraft classes (wake turbulence separation). For the purpose of wake turbulence separation minimums,
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 20
ATC has classified aircraft as heavy, large, and small:
Heavy. Aircraft capable of takeoff weights of more than 255,000 pounds whether or not they
operate at this weight during a particular phase of flight.
Large. Aircraft of more than 41,000 pounds, maximum certificated takeoff weight, up to 255,000
pounds.
Small. Aircraft of 41,000 pounds or less maximum certificated takeoff weight.
aircraft classification (by certification weight). Classification of aircraft according to their maximum
certificated gross weight:
Small aircraft. Aircraft weighing up to 12,500 pounds certificated takeoff weight.
Large aircraft. Aircraft of more than 12,500 pounds maximum certificated takeoff weight.
aircraft control cable. Stranded steel cable used to actuate the controls of an aircraft. Aircraft control
cable is made of either stainless steel or galvanized carbon steel. There are three types of aircraft control
cable: nonflexible, flexible, and extra-flexible cable.
Nonflexible cable is made of seven (1 x 7) or 19 (1 x 19) strands of steel wire.
Flexible cable is made of seven strands of wire, with each strand having seven separate wires. This
is called 7 x 7 cable.
Extra-flexible cable, the one most generally used, is made of seven strands of wire, with each
strand made of 19 small wires. Extra-flexible cable is called 7 x 19 cable and is used in locations where the
cable must pass over a pulley.
aircraft engine. 14 CFR Part 1: “An engine that is used or intended to be used for propelling aircraft. It
includes turbosuperchargers, appurtenances, and accessories necessary for its functioning, but does not
include propellers.”
aircraft inspection. A systematic check of an aircraft and its components.
The purpose of an aircraft inspection is to detect any defects or malfunctions before they become
serious. Preflight, 100-hour, annual, and progressive inspections are the most commonly used types of
aircraft inspections.
Aircraft Listings. Information sheets, published by the Federal Aviation Administration, that contain
pertinent specifications for certificated aircraft of which there are fewer than fifty of that model still
registered.
aircraft logs. Aircraft records containing the operational or maintenance history of the aircraft.
aircraft plumbing. The hoses, tubing, fittings, and connections used for carrying fluids through an aircraft.
aircraft quality. A term used to indicate that a particular piece of equipment or material meets the rigid
standards established by the military services or by an aircraft manufacturer for use in an aircraft.
　
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