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reactions or physical changes of state.
cam. An eccentric, or lobe, on a rotating shaft that changes rotary motion into linear motion.
A cam, or lobe, on the cam shaft of a reciprocating engine opens the intake and exhaust valves at
the proper time relative to the position of the piston in the cylinder.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 98
camber (aerodynamic shape). The amount of curve of an airfoil section. The curve on the top of the
airfoil is called the upper camber, and the curve on the bottom is called the lower camber.
The mean camber is a line drawn through a series of points, each of which is located midway
between the upper and the lower camber.
camber (wheel alignment). The amount the wheels of an aircraft are inclined, or tilted, from the vertical.
If the top of the wheel tilts outward, the camber is positive, and if it tilts inward, the camber is negative.
cam dwell. The number of degrees a cam rotates during the time the object controlled by the cam does not
move. The breaker points in the ignition system of a reciprocating engine are opened by a cam. The cam
dwell, or cam dwell angle, is the number of degrees the cam rotates between the time the breaker points
close and the time they open.
cam engine (reciprocating engine). A reciprocating engine with axial cylinders arranged around a central
shaft. Rollers in the open end of the pistons press against a sinusoidal cam mounted on the shaft to rotate
the shaft.
cam-ground piston (reciprocating engine component). A specially shaped piston used in an aircraft
reciprocating engine. The piston is not round, but is ground in such a way that its diameter parallel to the
wrist pin is slightly smaller than its diameter perpendicular to the pin.
The mass of metal used in the wrist pin boss, the enlarged area around the wrist pin hole, expands
when it is heated, and when the piston is at its operating temperature, it has expanded until it is perfectly
round.
cam lobe. An eccentric used to change rotary motion into linear motion. The valve operating cams used in
a reciprocating engine are eccentrics made onto the cam shaft. These eccentrics are enlarged portions of the
cam shaft that rotate about a center different from the shaft’s center. The cam followers that operate the
valves ride on the cam lobes, and as the cam shaft rotates, the cam lobes move the cam followers up and
down in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cam shaft.
cam nose. The peak, or highest point, on a cam. The cam nose is the part of the cam that pushes up on the
cam follower.
cam pawl. A device that allows a wheel to turn in one direction, but prevents its turning in the opposite
direction.
The cam pawl, an eccentric that rides over the surface of a wheel, allows the wheel to turn in one
direction, but when it tries to turn in the opposite direction, the cam wedges against the wheel and prevents
its turning.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 99
cam ring (radial engine component). A ring or plate with lobes ground around its periphery. Cam rings
are used in radial aircraft engines to push against cam followers and push rods to open the intake and
exhaust valves.
camshaft (reciprocating engine component). A straight, gear-driven shaft that contains lobes used to
operate the intake and the exhaust valves.
The camshaft is geared to the crankshaft in such a way that the valves open and close at the proper
time relative to the position of the piston in the cylinders.
can-annular combustor (gas turbine engine component). A type of combustor used in some of the large
turbojet and turbofan engines. It consists of individual cans into which the fuel is sprayed and ignited.
These cans all mount on an annular duct through which the hot gases from the individual cans are collected
and directed uniformly into the turbine.
canard (type of airplane). A type of airplane in which the horizontal auxiliary control is mounted ahead of
the main lifting plane.
canard (aircraft component). A horizontal control surface mounted ahead of the main wing to provide
longitudinal stability and control.
14 CFR Part 1: “The forward wing of a canard configuration and may be a fixed, movable, or
variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces.”
canard configuration. 14 CFR Part 1: “A configuration in which the span of the forward wing is
substantially less than that of the main wing.”
candela. A measurement of luminous intensity in the International System of measurements.
The candela is also known as the new candle, or the international candle.
candlepower. A measure of light intensity. One candlepower is the amount of light intensity produced by
　
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