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in such a way that it is free to move up and down (flap), move back and forth in its plane of rotation (drag),
and change its pitch angle (feather).
artificial aging. A method of aluminum alloy heat treatment in which the part is heated and quenched
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(solution heat-treated) and then held at a specified elevated temperature for a period of time.
The metal gains additional strength by this process. Artificial aging is also called precipitation heat
treatment.
artificial antenna (radio antenna). A device attached to the output of a radio transmitter to use when
adjusting its output. The artificial antenna, also called a dummy load, has the same impedance as the
antenna, but the radio signal put into the artificial antenna is not radiated.
artificial feel (aircraft control system). A type of force feedback used in the automatic flight control
systems of some aircraft. Artificial feel produces an opposition to the pilot’s movement of the controls that
is proportional to the aerodynamic loads acting on the control surfaces.
artificial horizon. A flight instrument that provides the pilot with a visual reference when the natural
horizon is not visible. A bar or display, held in a constant relationship with the earth’s horizon by a gyro,
serves as the reference.
ARTS (automated radar terminal systems). A term used to define several automated air traffic control
systems:
ARTS II. An automated, nontracking radar system with capability for air traffic control at
terminals with low to medium activity.
ARTS III. A beacon-tracking automated radar system used in medium- to high-activity terminals.
ARTS III detects, tracks, and predicts secondary radar-derived aircraft targets.
ARTS IIIA. A radar-tracking and beacon-tracking automated radar system that tracks and predicts
primary as well as secondary radar-derived aircraft targets.
asbestos. A fiber of magnesium silicate that is highly resistant to fire and has good insulating qualities.
A-scan (radarscope). A type of radar display in which the time base (distance or range) is displayed on a
horizontal line and the target appears as a vertical displacement along the time base.
ASD (aircraft situation display) (air traffic control). A computer system that receives radar track data
from all 20 Continental U.S. air route traffic control centers, organizes this data into a mosaic display, and
presents it on a computer screen.
The ASD provides the traffic management coordinator with multiple methods of selection and
highlighting of individual aircraft or groups of aircraft. The user has the option of superimposing these
aircraft positions over any number of background displays, which include ARTCC boundaries, any stratum
of en route sector boundaries, fixes, airways, military and other special-use airspace, airports, and
geopolitical boundaries.
By using the ASD, a coordinator can monitor any number of traffic situations or the entire
systemwide traffic flow.
ASDE (airport surface detection equipment). Radar equipment specifically designed to detect all
principal features on the surface of an airport, including aircraft and vehicular traffic, and to present the
entire image on a radar indicator console in the control tower.
ASDE is used to augment visual observation by tower personnel of aircraft and/or vehicular
movements on runways and taxiways.
ash. The solid residue left after certain materials have burned.
ashless dispersant oil. See AD oil.
ASM (air-to-surface missile). A missile carried on an aircraft and used against a surface target. The
missile is guided to its target by an internal guidance system or by signals from the launch aircraft.
aspect ratio. The ratio of the length, or span, of an airfoil to its width, or chord. For a nonrectangular airfoil,
the aspect ratio is found by dividing the square of the span by the area.
Aspect Ratio = Span2 / Area
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asphalt. A heavy, brownish-black mineral found in crude oil.
Asphalt is used as a base for some acid-resisting paints.
aspheric (optics). The characteristics of an optical element that contains one or more surfaces that are not
spherical.
ASR (airport surveillance radar). Approach control radar used to detect and display an aircraft’s position
in the terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth information but does not provide elevation data.
Coverage of the ASR can extend up to 60 miles.
assembly. The process of fitting together all the parts to form a complete structure or unit.
assembly break. A joint in the structure of an aircraft formed when two subassemblies are removed from
　
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