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air traffic control. The control of aircraft traffic from the ground. Air traffic control is done from control
towers whose personnel direct air traffic in the vicinity of an airport and air route traffic control centers
whose personnel direct air traffic along the airways between airports.
Effective air traffic control is possible because of efficient two-way radio communications and
radar that allow controllers to keep track of all the aircraft they are controlling.
14 CFR Part 1: “A service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly and
expeditious flow of air traffic.”
air traffic control specialist. A person authorized by the FAA to provide air traffic control service.
air traffic control system command center. See ATCSCC.
air traffic service. A generic term meaning flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory
service, and air traffic control service, including area control service, approach control service, and airport
control service.
Air Transport Association (ATA) Specification 100. See ATA 100.
air transportation. The business of moving people, mail, or cargo by air.
14 CFR Part 1: “Interstate, overseas, or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by
aircraft.”
air turbine starter (gas turbine engine starter). An air-driven turbine used to spin the engine compressor
through a system of reduction gears.
A large volume of compressed air from an auxiliary power unit or bleed air from an operating
engine is directed into the air-turbine starter. This air spins the turbine inside the starter, and the starter,
which is geared to the main engine compressor, spins the engine fast enough for it to start.
airway beacon. A light beacon used to mark certain segments of airways in remote mountainous areas.
These beacons flash Morse code to identify their location.
Airworthiness Alert. A notice sent by the FAA to certain interested maintenance personnel, identifying
problems with aircraft that have been gathered from Malfunction and Defect Reports.
These are problems being studied at the time the Airworthiness Alert is issued yet not fully
evaluated at the time the material goes to press.
Airworthiness Certificate. A certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Administration to aircraft which
meet the minimum standards for airworthiness as specified in the appropriate part of the Federal Aviation
Regulations.
Airworthiness Directive. See AD.
airworthy. A condition in which the aircraft or component meets the conditions of its type design and is in
a condition for safe operation.
albedo (meteorology). The ratio of the amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a body to the
amount falling on it.
Albedo, which is normally expressed as a percentage, is used in reference to solar radiation. For
example, the albedo of wet sand is 9, meaning that about 9% of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun
falling on the sand is reflected.
Albedo ranges upward to 80-85 for fresh snow cover. The average albedo for the earth and its
atmosphere has been calculated to range from 35 to 43.
Alclad. The trade name registered by the Aluminum Company of America for clad structural aluminum
alloy.
Aluminum alloy corrodes easily, but pure aluminum does not. Alclad sheets are made of
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 26
high-strength aluminum alloy sandwiched between thin layers of pure aluminum. The coatings of pure
aluminum, which are rolled onto the alloy sheet in the rolling mill, make up about five percent of the
thickness of the sheet.
Alclad sheets resist corrosion as long as the cladding is not scratched through or worn off.
alcohol. A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid produced by the fermentation of certain types of grain, fruit,
or wood pulp. Alcohol is used as a cleaning fluid, as a solvent in many of aircraft finishes, and as a fuel for
certain types of specialized engines.
Ethyl alcohol (the alcohol used in liquor) is distilled from fruit or grain, and methyl alcohol, which
is poisonous, is distilled from wood pulp.
ALERFA (alert phase) (ICAO). A situation in which there is apprehension as to the safety of an aircraft
and its occupants.
alert area (air traffic control). An area in which there is a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type
of aeronautical activity.
alerting service. A service provided by the FAA to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in
need of search and rescue aid and to assist such organizations as required.
algebra. The branch of mathematics that uses letters or symbols to represent numbers in formulas and
equations.
algebraic expression. A quantity made up of letters, numbers, and other symbols. The parts of the
　
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