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constant-volume cycle of energy release. The cycle of energy transformation used by a reciprocating
engine. See Otto cycle.
constrained-gap igniter (gas turbine engine igniter). A type of igniter used in a gas turbine engine
ignition system. The center electrode is set back into the insulator so the spark jumps out past the end of the
igniter. Constrained-gap igniters do not protrude into the combustion liner, so they run cooler than
annular-gap igniters.
contact (engine starting command). The term used between a person hand-propping an aircraft engine
and the person in the cockpit. When the person is ready to spin the propeller, he or she calls “contact.” The
person in the cockpit turns on the fuel, slightly opens the throttle, applies the brakes, and replies “contact,”
and then turns the ignition switch to BOTH. The propeller is then pulled through to start the engine.
contact approach (air traffic control). An approach in which an aircraft on an IFR flight plan, having an
air traffic control authorization, operating clear of clouds with at least one mile flight visibility and a
reasonable expectation of continuing to the destination airport in those conditions, may deviate from the
instrument approach procedure and proceed to the destination airport by visual reference to the surface.
contact cement. A type of adhesive that is spread on both surfaces to be joined and allowed to dry. The
dried contact cement is not sticky to touch, but when the two coated surfaces are brought into contact with
each other, they bond tightly together.
contact flying. Flight in which the attitude of the aircraft is maintained and its navigation is done by visual
reference to the horizon and to the ground over which the aircraft is flying.
contactor (electrical control device). A heavy-duty, remotely operated switch used to control electrical
circuits carrying large amounts of current.
contaminant. An impurity that pollutes. Dirt and water are contaminants that pollute aircraft fuel.
contaminated runway (air traffic control). A runway is considered contaminated whenever standing
water, ice, snow, slush, frost in any form, heavy rubber, or other substances are present.
A runway is contaminated with respect to rubber deposits or other friction-degrading substances
when the average friction value for any 500-foot segment of the runway within the available landing
distance falls below the recommended minimum friction level, and the average friction value in the
adjacent 500-foot segment falls below the maintenance planning friction level.
contamination. The polluting of a substance by an impurity.
conterminous United States. The 48 adjoining states and the District of Columbia. These states are also
called the contiguous United States.
continental control area (air traffic control). The airspace of the 48 contiguous states, the District of
Columbia, and Alaska, excluding the Alaska peninsula west of Long. 160° 00' 00" W, and above 14,500
feet MSL, but not including:
1. Airspace less than 1,500 feet above the surface of the earth or,
2. Prohibited and restricted areas other than the restricted areas listed in 14 CFR Part 71.
continental United States. The 49 states located on the continent of North America and the District of
Columbia.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 151
continuity (electrical circuit condition). A condition in which something is complete or unbroken. An
electrical circuit is said to have continuity when current can flow from one end of the circuit to the other.
continuity light (electrical test equipment). A simple piece of test equipment used to check an electrical
circuit for continuity. A continuity light consists of a flashlight battery and a bulb, connected in series with
test leads used to complete the circuit.
The test leads are connected to the ends of an electrical circuit. If the circuit is continuous (there
are no breaks, or opens, in the circuit) the light will illuminate. If the circuit is not continuous (there is an
open, or a break, in it), the light will not illuminate.
Continuity lights are sometimes called bug lights because they are used to find the “bugs” in a
circuit. More elaborate continuity testers have buzzers in addition to the light. The buzzer allows a circuit to
be checked without having to watch the tester.
continuous airworthiness inspection program. An inspection program that is part of a continuous
airworthiness maintenance program approved for certain large airplanes (to which 14 CFR Part 125 is not
applicable), turbojet multiengine airplanes, turbopropeller-powered multiengine airplanes, and
turbine-powered rotorcraft.
continuous casting (metal casting). A method of casting metal in which the ingot is continuously cooled
　
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