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approach. The part of an aircraft flight in which the aircraft is positioned in such a way that it can touch
down at the correct part of the runway on landing.
approach clearance. Authorization by Air Traffic Control for a pilot to conduct an instrument approach.
approach control facility. A terminal Air Traffic Control facility that provides approach control service in
a terminal area.
approach control service (air traffic control). Air traffic control provided by an approach control facility
for arriving and departing VFR/IFR aircraft and, on occasion, en route aircraft. At some airports not served
by an approach control facility, the ARTCC provides limited approach control service.
approach gate. A point on the final approach course which is one mile from the final approach fix on the
side away from the airport or five miles from the landing threshold, whichever is farther from the landing
threshold.
approach lights. High-intensity lights located along the approach path at the end of an instrument runway.
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Approach lights aid the pilot in transitioning from instrument flight conditions to visual conditions at the
end of an instrument approach.
approach sequence (air traffic control). The order in which aircraft are positioned while on approach or
awaiting approach clearance.
approach speed. The recommended airspeed listed in the aircraft manual to be used by pilots when making
an approach for landing.
appropriate ATS authority (ICAO). The relevant authority designated by the state responsible for
providing air traffic services in a particular airspace.
In the United States the “appropriate ATS authority” is the Program Director for Air Traffic
Operations, ATO-1.
approved. 14 CFR Part 1: “Unless used with reference to another person, means approved by the
Administrator.”
approved data. Data which may be used as authorization for the techniques or procedures employed when
making an alteration or repair to an FAA-certificated aircraft.
Approved data consist of such documents as Type Certificate Data Sheets, Airworthiness
Directives, Supplemental Type Certificates, and special repair instructions issued by the engineering
department of the aircraft manufacturer and approved by the FAA.
approved inspection system. A program approved by the Federal Aviation Administration for the
inspection and maintenance of an aircraft that will maintain the aircraft in an airworthy condition.
approved repair station. A facility approved and certificated by the Federal Aviation Administration
under 14 CFR Part 145 Repair Stations to perform certain types of repairs to certificated aircraft.
Approved Type Certificate. See ATC.
approximate. Something that is nearly, but not exactly, correct.
Approximate also means close to, but not exactly at the same location.
apron (aircraft service area). The paved area in front of an aircraft hangar where aircraft can be parked
and tied down. Aprons are sometimes called ramps or tarmacs.
APU (auxiliary power unit). A small self-contained turbine- or reciprocating-engine-powered generator,
hydraulic pump, and air pump.
APUs are installed in an aircraft and are used to supply electrical power, air, and hydraulic
pressure for ground operation and for starting the main engines.
Aqua dag. The registered trade name for a lubricant made of graphite suspended in water. Aqua-dag is
used as a lubricant for components in an oxygen system. Oil or other petroleum products cannot be used
with oxygen system components, because the oxygen can react with the petroleum to cause it to
spontaneously ignite and burn.
arabic numerals. The numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
aramid fibers. Fibers made from an organic compound of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They
have high strength and low density and are flexible under load. They have the ability to withstand impact,
shock, and vibration. Kevlar® is a well-known aramid fiber.
arbor press. A press with either a mechanically or hydraulically operated ram used in a maintenance shop
for a variety of pressing functions.
arc (geometric figure). The portion of the circumference of a circle between any two points on the
circumference.
arc (trigonometric function). A prefix used with trigonometric functions. Arc means the inverse, or the
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opposite, of a function, or the angle whose function is the number given.
arc cosine. The trigonometric function that means “the angle whose cosine is.” For example, arc cos 0.866
= 30°, means that the angle whose cosine is 0.866 is 30°. Arc cosine is usually written cos-1. See cosine.
　
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