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8.3.3  Aircraft transponder failure in areas where the carriage of a functioning transponder is mandatory
8.3.3.1 When an aircraft experiencing transponder failure after departure is operating or expected to operate in an area where the carriage of a functioning transponder with specified capabilities is mandatory, the ATC units concerned should endeavour to provide for continuation of the flight to the aerodrome of first intended landing in accordance with the flight plan.  However, in certain traffic situations, either in terminal areas or en-route, continuation of the flight may not be possible, particularly when failure is detected shortly after take-off. The aircraft may then be required to return to the departure aerodrome or to land at the nearest suitable aerodrome acceptable to the operator concerned and to ATC.
8.3.3.2 In case of a transponder failure which is detected before departure from an aerodrome where it is not practicable to effect a repair, the aircraft concerned should be permitted to proceed, as directly as possible, to the nearest suitable aerodrome where repair can be made.  When granting clearance to such aircraft, ATC should take into consideration the existing or anticipated traffic situation and may have to modify the time of departure, flight level or route of the intended flight. Subsequent adjustments may become necessary during the course of the flight.
8.4 Radar equipment failure

8.4.1 In the event of complete failure of the radar equipment except for air-ground communications, the radar controller shall:
a)  plot the positions of all aircraft already identified and, in conjunction with the non-radar controller when applicable, take the necessary action to establish non-radar separation between the aircraft;
and when relevant:
b)  request the appropriate non-radar controller to assume control of the traffic affected;
c)  instruct aircraft to communicate with the appropriate non-radar controller for further instructions.

8.4.2 As an emergency measure, use of flight levels spaced by half the applicable vertical separation minimum may be resorted to temporarily if standard non-radar separation cannot be provided immediately.
8.4.3 Except when there is assurance that the complete radar equipment failure will be of a very limited duration, steps should be taken to limit the number of aircraft permitted to enter the area to that which can be safely handled without the use of radar.
8.5 Ground radio failure

8.5.1 In the event of complete failure of the ground radio equipment used for radar control, the radar controller shall, unless able to continue to provide the radar service by means of other available communication channels, proceed as set forth in 8.4.1 a) and b).
8.5.2 Where the provisions in 8.4.1 are not applicable, the controller shall:
a)  without delay inform all adjacent control positions or ATC units, as applicable, of the failure;
b)  appraise such positions or units of the current traffic situation;
c)  request their assistance, in respect of aircraft which may establish communications with those positions or units, in establishing radar or non-radar separation between and maintaining control of such aircraft; and
d)  instruct adjacent control positions or ATC units to hold or reroute all controlled flights outside the area of responsibility of the position or ATC unit that has experienced the failure until such time that the provision of normal services can be resumed.

8.5.3 In order to reduce the impact of complete ground radio equipment failure on the safety of air traffic, the appro-priate ATS authority should establish contingency procedures to be followed by control positions and ATC units in the event of such failures.  Where feasible and practicable, such contingency procedures should provide for the delegation of control to an adjacent control position or ATC unit in order to permit a minimum level of services to be provided as soon as possible, following the ground radio failure and until normal operations can be resumed.
　
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