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b)  in a direction which is different by at least 45 degrees from the reciprocal of the direction of approach of the arriving aircraft:
i)  until three minutes before the arriving aircraft is estimated to be over the beginning of the instrument runway (see Figure IV-8), or
ii)  before the arriving aircraft crosses a designated fix on the approach track; the location of such fix to be determined by the appropriate ATS authority after consultation with the operators.

Figure IV-8 (see 16.1 and 16.2)
No. 1
PART V. AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE

Note.— This Part also includes procedures for the operation of aeronautical ground lights (see Section 6).
FUNCTIONS OF AERODROME
CONTROL TOWERS

1. General

Aerodrome control towers shall issue information and clearances to aircraft under their control to achieve a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome with the object of preventing collision(s) between:
a)  aircraft flying in the aerodrome traffic circuits around an aerodrome;
b)  aircraft operating on the manoeuvring area;
c)  aircraft landing and taking off;
d)  aircraft and vehicles operating on the manoeuvring area;
e)  aircraft on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area.
2. Alerting service provided by aerodrome control towers

2.1 Aerodrome control towers are also responsible for alerting the safety services and shall immediately report any failure or irregularity of operation in any apparatus, light or other device established at an aerodrome for the guidance of aerodrome traffic and pilots-in-command of aircraft.
2.2 Aircraft which fail to report after having been handed over to an aerodrome control tower, or, having once reported, cease radio contact and in either case fail to land five minutes after the expected landing time, shall be reported to the area control centre or flight information centre.
3. Suspension of visual flight rules operations by aerodrome control towers
3.1 Any or all visual flight rules operations on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome may be suspended by any of the following units, persons or authorities whenever safety requires such action:
a)  the area control centre within whose control area the aerodrome is located;
b)  the aerodrome controller on duty;
c)  the appropriate ATS authority.
3.2 All such suspensions of visual flight rules operations shall be accomplished through or notified to the aerodrome control tower.
3.3 The following procedures shall be observed by the aerodrome control tower whenever visual flight rules operations are suspended:
a)  hold all departures other than those which file an instrument flight rules flight plan and obtain approval thereof from the area control centre;
b)  recall all local flights operating under visual flight rules or obtain approval for special VFR operations;
c)  notify the area control centre of the action taken;
d)  notify all operators, or their designated representatives, of the reason for taking such action if necessary or requested.
TRAFFIC AND TAXI CIRCUITS
4. Critical positions of aircraft in the aerodrome traffic and taxi circuits
4.1 Aerodrome controllers shall maintain a continuous watch on all visible flight operations on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome, including aircraft, vehicles and personnel on

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the manoeuvring area, and shall control such traffic in accordance with the procedures set forth herein and all applicable traffic rules. If there are other aerodromes within a control zone, traffic at all aerodromes within such a zone shall be co-ordinated so that traffic circuits do not conflict.
4.2 The following positions of aircraft in the traffic and taxi circuits are the positions where the aircraft normally receive aerodrome control tower clearances, whether these are given by light signals or radio. The aircraft should be watched closely as they approach these positions so that proper clearances may be issued without delay. Where practicable, all clearances should be issued without waiting for the aircraft to initiate the call.
　
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