Note.— Monopulse technique is a radar technique in which azimuth information of an SSR transponder aircraft is derivable from each pulse detection by comparison of signals received simultaneously in two or more antenna beams. Monopulse SSR sensors provide for an improved azimuth resolution and less fruit and garbling compared to conventional SSR sensors.
1.10 The use of radar in air traffic services shall be limited to specified areas of radar coverage and shall be subject to such other limitations as have been specified by the appropriate ATS authority. Adequate information on the operating methods used shall be published in aeronautical information publications, as well as operating practices and/or equipment limitations having direct effects on the operation of the air traffic services.
Note.— States will provide information on the area or areas where PSR and SSR are in use as well as radar services and procedures in accordance with Annex 15, 4.1.1 and Appendix 1.
PANS-RAC (Doc 4444) 6-1
1.11 Where PSR and SSR are required to be used in combination, SSR alone may be used in the event of PSR failure to provide separation between identified transponder-equipped aircraft, provided the accuracy of the SSR position indications has been verified by monitor equipment or other means.
2. Presentation of radar information
2.1 Radar-derived information available for display to the controller shall, as a minimum, include radar position indications, radar map information and, when available, information from SSR Mode A, Mode C and Mode S.
2.2 The radar system shall provide for a continuously updated presentation of radar-derived information, including radar position indications.
2.3 Radar position indications may be displayed as:
a) radar position symbols (RPS), including:
i) PSR symbols;
ii) SSR symbols; and
iii) combined PSR/SSR symbols;
b) PSR blips;
c) SSR responses.
2.4 When applicable, distinct symbols should be used for presentation of:
a) unintentionally duplicated SSR codes;
b) predicted positions for a non-updated track; and
c) plot and track data.
2.5 Reserved SSR codes, including 7500, 7600 and 7700, operation of IDENT, safety-related alerts and warnings as well as information related to automated co-ordination shall be presented in a clear and distinct manner, providing for ease of recognition.
2.6 Radar labels should be used to provide, in alphanumeric form, SSR-derived as well as other information which may be available.
7/11/96
2.7 Radar label information shall as a minimum include the SSR code transmitted by an aircraft or, when code/call sign conversion is effected, aircraft identification, and SSR Mode C-derived level information. All label information shall be presented in a clear and concise manner.
2.8 Radar labels shall be associated with their radar position indications in a manner precluding erroneous identification by or confusion on the part of the controller.
3. Communications
3.1 The level of reliability and availability of communications systems shall be such that the possibility of system failures or significant degradations is very remote. Adequate backup facilities shall be provided.
Note.— Guidance material and information pertaining to system reliability and availability are contained in Annex 10, Volume I and the Air Traffic Services Planning Manual (Doc 9426).
3.2 Direct pilot-controller communications shall be established prior to the provision of radar services, unless special circumstances such as emergencies dictate otherwise.
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