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1800
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1000
1000
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2400
2600
2600
800
800
800
800
600
600
600
600
600
600
400
400
200 400
200
0
0
400
DECLARED DENSITY ALTITUDE CHART
WINTER (JUNE-AUGUST)
2200
2000
1800
1400
1600
1200
100
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING PREPARATION
09/2001
2
DECLARED DENSITY CHART
SECTION
CAR 238 ICING CONDITIONS
An aircraft shall not take-off for the purpose of making a flight during which the
aircraft may fly into known or expected icing conditions unless the aircraft is
adequately equipped with de-icing or anti-icing equipment of such type and in such
quantities as CASA directs.
TO USE THE CHART
• obtain the wet and dry bulb temperatures
• enter the chart with the wet and dry bulb temperatures
• refer to the shading legend (above) appropriate to the intersection of the
temperature lines
• from the intersection of the temperature lines, obtain the relative humidity
on the curved scale, and the humidity ratio from the above scale.
EXAMPLE SHOWN ON THE CHART
• wet bulb temperature 14°C
• dry bulb temperature 18°C
• from the intersection of the temperature lines the shading gives:
MODERATE ICING: cruise power; SERIOUS ICING: descent power
• relative humidity 65 per cent
• humidity ratio 8.5gm water per kg air
WET BULB TEMPERATURE Co
HUMIDITY
RATIO
o
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE C
gm water
kg air
SATURATED AIR
(WET BULB = DRY BULB)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
CLOUD, FOG & MIST
ABOVE THIS LINE
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
28
30
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
10
5
0
15
20%
10%
20
25
30
SERIOUS ICING - any power
MODERATE ICING - cruise power;
SERIOUS ICING - descent power
SERIOUS ICING - descent power
LIGHT ICING - cruise or descent
power
101
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING PREPARATION
09/2001
2
ICING
SECTION
FUEL REQUIREMENTS (CAR 234)
• The pilot in command of an aircraft must not commence a flight within Australian
territory, or to or from Australian territory, unless he or she has taken reasonable
steps to ensure that the aircraft carries sufficient fuel and oil to enable the proposed
flight to be undertaken in safety.
• An operator of an aircraft must take reasonable steps to ensure that an aircraft does
not commence a flight as part of the operator’s operations unless the aircraft is
carrying sufficient fuel and oil to enable the proposed flight to be undertaken in
safety.
• For the purposes of these Regulations, in determining whether fuel and oil carried on
an aircraft in respect of a particular flight was sufficient within the meaning of subregulations
(1) and (2), a court must, in addition to any other matters, take into
account the following matters:
A. the distance to be travelled by the aircraft on the flight to reach the
proposed destination;
B. the meteorological conditions in which the aircraft is, or may be required,
to fly;
C. the possibility of:
I. a forced diversion to an alternative aerodrome; and
II. a delay pending landing clearance; and
III. air traffic control re-routing the flight after commencement
of the flight; and
IV. a loss of pressurisation in the aircraft; and
V. where the aircraft is a multi-engined aircraft—an engine failure;
D. any guidelines issued from time to time by CASA for the purposes of this
regulation.
GENERAL
Guidance concerning fuel to be carried is contained in Civil Aviation Advisory
Publication (CAAP) 234-1, available from Airservices publications Centre, PO Box 1986,
Carlton South, Victoria, 3053.
102
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING PREPARATION
09/2001
2
FUEL REQUIREMENTS
SECTION
FUEL PLANNING
PREFLIGHT PLANNING
• Determine total fuel capacity and useable fuel (refer Aircraft Flight Manual)
• Determine fuel consumption rates (refer Pilot’s Operating Handbook)
• Familiarise yourself with the aircraft’s fuel systems
　
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