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type and identifying name or number, positioned either within
or immediately adjacent to the area. [Figure 8-11]
Prohibited, restricted or warning areas; alert areas; and MOAs
are further defi ned with tables on sectional charts for their
altitudes, time of use, controlling agency/contact facility and
controlling agency contact frequency. [Figure 8-12]
Prohibited Areas
Prohibited areas contain airspace of defi ned dimensions
within which the fl ight of aircraft is prohibited. Such areas
8-9
Figure 8-13. Prohibited area in Washington, D.C., on a sectional
chart.
Figure 8-12. Example of the additional information provided on sectional charts for special use airspace.
are established for security or other reasons associated with
the national welfare. These areas are published in the Federal
Register and are depicted on sectional charts. The area is
charted as a “P” followed by a number (e.g., “P-56 A and
B”). [Figure 8-13]
Restricted Areas
Restricted areas are areas where operations are hazardous to
nonparticipating aircraft and contain airspace within which
the fl ight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject
to restrictions. Activities within these areas must be confi ned
because of their nature, or limitations may be imposed upon
aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities, or
both. Restricted areas denote the existence of unusual, often
invisible, hazards to aircraft (e.g., artillery fi ring, aerial
gunnery, or guided missiles). Penetration of restricted areas
is illegal without authorization from the using or controlling
agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft and its
occupants. ATC facilities apply the following procedures:
1. If the restricted area is not active and has been released
to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the
ATC facility will allow the aircraft to operate in the
restricted airspace without issuing specifi c clearance
for it to do so.
2. If the restricted area is active and has not been released
to the FAA, the ATC facility will issue a clearance
which will ensure the aircraft avoids the restricted
airspace.
Restricted areas are charted with an “R” followed by a number
(e.g., “R-4803 and R-4810”) and are depicted on the sectional
charts. [Figure 8-14]
Warning Areas
Warning areas consist of airspace which may contain hazards
to nonparticipating aircraft in international airspace. The
activities may be much the same as those for a restricted
area. Warning areas are established beyond the three mile
limit and are depicted on sectional charts.
Military Operations Areas (MOAs)
MOAs consist of airspace of defi ned vertical and lateral limits
established for the purpose of separating certain military
training activity from IFR traffi c. There is no restriction
against a pilot operating VFR in these areas; however, a
pilot should be alert since training activities may include
acrobatic and abrupt maneuvers. MOAs are depicted by
name and with defi ned boundaries on sectional, VFR terminal
area, and en route low altitude charts and are not numbered
(e.g., “CHURCHILL HIGH MOA,” “CHURCHILL LOW
8-10
Figure 8-16. Alert area (A-211).
Figure 8-15. MOA is further defined on sectional charts with times of operation, altitudes
affected, and the controlling agency to contact for current activity.
Figure 8-14. Special use airspace: restricted and MOA examples.
MOA,” “RANCH HIGH & RANCH MOA” and “RANCH
MOA”). [Figure 8-14] MOA is further defi ned on sectional
charts with times of operation, altitudes affected, and the
controlling agency frequency for the MOA to contact for
current activity. [Figure 8-15]
Alert Areas
Alert areas are depicted on sectional charts with an “A”
followed by a number (e.g., “A-211” as in Figure 8-16) to
inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a
high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial
activity. Pilots should be particularly alert when fl ying in
these areas. All activity within an alert area shall be conducted
in accordance with regulations, without waiver. Pilots of
participating aircraft, as well as pilots transiting the area,
shall be equally responsible for collision avoidance.
Controlled Firing Areas
Controlled fi ring areas contain military activities, which,
if not conducted in a controlled environment, could be
hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The difference
between controlled fi ring areas and other special use airspace
　
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