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of all maneuvers requiring turns.
Before starting the steep turn, the pilot should ensure that the
area is clear of other air traffi c since the rate of turn is quite
rapid. After establishing the manufacturer’s recommended
entry speed or the design maneuvering speed, the aircraft
should be smoothly rolled into a selected bank angle between
45° to 60° and the throttle increased to maintain level fl ight.
Always perfect the steep turn at 45° and slowly work up to
higher bank angles. As the turn is being established, control
bar forward pressure should be smoothly increased to
increase the angle of attack. This provides the additional wing
lift required to compensate for the increasing load factor.
After the selected bank angle has been reached, the pilot
fi nds that considerable force is required on the control bar
and increased throttle is required to hold the aircraft in level
fl ight—to maintain altitude. Because of this increase in the
force applied to the control bar, the load factor increases
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rapidly as the bank is increased. Additional control bar
forward pressure increases the angle of attack, which results
in an increase in drag. Consequently, power must be added
to maintain the entry altitude and airspeed.
During the turn, the pilot should not stare at any one object.
Maintaining altitude, as well as orientation, requires an
awareness of the relative position of the forward tube and
the horizon. The pilot must also be looking for other aircraft
mainly towards the direction of the turn while glancing at the
instruments to make sure the airspeed and altitude are being
maintained. If the altitude begins to increase or decrease a
power adjustment may be necessary to maintain the altitude
if the bank angle and speed are maintained. All bank angle
changes should be done with coordinated use of pitch and
throttle control.
The rollout from the turn should be timed so that the wings
reach level fl ight when the aircraft is exactly on the heading
from which the maneuver was started. While the recovery
is being made, forward bar pressure is gradually released
and power reduced, as necessary, to maintain the altitude
and airspeed.
Common errors in the performance of steep turns are:
• Failure to adequately clear the area.
• Excessive pitch change during entry or recovery.
• Attempts to start recovery prematurely.
• Failure to stop the turn on a precise heading.
• Inadequate power management resulting in gaining
or loosing altitude.
• Inadequate airspeed control.
• Poor roll/pitch/power coordination.
• Failure to maintain constant bank angle.
• Failure to scan for other traffi c before and during the
maneuver.
Energy Management
The WSC aircraft has very little momentum because of its
relative light weight as compared to airplanes. Therefore, it
is important that pilots learn to manage the kinetic energy of
the WSC. Higher speed and higher power is higher energy.
Lower speed and lower power is lower energy. The ability
for a pilot to maintain high energy levels in turbulent air and
while near the ground is the basis for energy management
for WSC.
Energy management should fi rst be practiced at higher
altitudes. While maintaining straight-and-level flight,
power is increased and decreased, and pitch control must
be used. The pilot should start at the trim position and with
the appropriate cruise throttle setting. As power is smoothly
applied towards full throttle, the WSC aircraft pitch attitude
attempts to increase. The pilot should decrease the pitch to
maintain level fl ight. This results in a high energy level.
Once this application is held for a couple seconds, the pilot
should then smoothly reduce power to the cruise power
setting and increase pitch to maintain level fl ight. The WSC
aircraft is now back to at a lower trim/cruise power in a
medium energy level.
Again, increase power and reduce pitch to stay level attaining
a high energy level. Now, reduce power to idle and as the
nose lowers, increase pitch. The pilot must be aware of the
decreasing energy levels occurring during this phase of the
maneuver for this is usually a precursor to accidents when
approaching the runway. The pilot should recognize this
scenario and promptly apply the power as appropriate to
prevent the aircraft from descending. Additionally, the pilot
must be aware of the slow fl ight and stall characteristics to
prevent a stall and to maintain a specifi ed heading.
Once the student masters this maneuver successfully at
　
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本文鏈接地址：Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flying Handbook(78)