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trim speed in fl ight as described in Chapter 3, Components
and Systems.
There is no yaw trim but the roll trim is usually adjusted on
the ground for a wing that has a turn in it. Roll trim is usually
adjusted so the wing fl ies straight in cruise fl ight. This is a
balance between the full power torque of the engine wanting
to turn it in one direction and minimum power when the WSC
aircraft is in a glide. WSC pilots usually have to exert some
pilot roll input for high power engines at full power climb to
fl y straight because of the engine turning effect.
Level Turns
A turn is made by banking the wings in the direction of
the desired turn. A specifi c angle of bank is selected by the
pilot, control pressures are applied to achieve the desired
bank angle, and appropriate control pressures are exerted to
maintain the desired bank angle once it is established.
6-8
Figure 6-9. Roll control into and out of turns.
EnEtenrtienrgin Ag aTu Trunrn
Exiting a Turn
A B C
D E F
Banking is performed with the following steps
[Figure 6-9]:
Entering a Turn
A. Straight fl ight
B. Pilot applies sideways pressure to the control bar
shifting the weight towards the direction of the desired
turn initiating the bank.
C. Turn is established and maintained by moving the
control bar back to the center position.
Exiting a Turn
D. Pilot is maintaining stabilized bank and a resultant
turn.
E. Pilot shifts weight to opposite side to initiate exit out
of the turn.
F. Straight fl ight is established and maintained by moving
the control bar back to the center position.
Coordinating the Controls
Flight controls are used in close coordination when making
level turns. Their functions are:
• The WSC is banked with side to side pressure with the
control bar and the bank angle established determines
the rate of turn at any given airspeed.
• The throttle provides additional thrust used to maintain
the WSC in level fl ight.
• Pitch control moves the nose of the WSC aircraft up
or down in relation to the pilot and perpendicular to
the wings. Doing this sets the proper pitch attitude and
speed in the turn.
Turns are classified to determine the bank angle as
follows:
• Shallow turns are those in which the bank is less than
approximately 20°.
• Medium turns are those resulting from a degree of
bank that is approximately 20° to 45°.
• Steep turns are those resulting from a degree of bank
that is 45° or more.
Changing the direction of the wing’s lift toward one side or
the other causes the aircraft to be pulled in that direction.
When an aircraft is flying straight and level, the total
lift is acting perpendicular to the wings and to the Earth.
[Figure 6-10] As the WSC is banked into a turn, the lift
then becomes the resultant of two components. One, the
vertical lift component, continues to act perpendicular to
the Earth and opposes gravity. Second, the horizontal lift
component (centripetal) acts parallel to the Earth’s surface
6-9
Figure 6-10. WSC aircraft flying straight (left) and turning with the same lift and weight (right).
Lift
Centrifugal force
Horizontal component
Weight
Weight
Vertical component
Resultant Load Total Lift
The additional load or G force in a medium banked turn is felt
as the pilot is pushed down on the seat with enough force for
this effect to be noticed. After the bank has been established
in a medium turn, all side-to-side roll pressure applied may
be relaxed, but forward pressure to maintain a higher angle of
attack is still necessary in a steeper bank. The WSC aircraft
remains at the selected bank with no further tendency to roll
back to level since all the forces are equalized.
During the turn, roll, pitch, and throttle controls are adjusted
to maintain the desired bank angle, speed, and level altitude.
Coordinated fl ight is the coordination of the three controls
to achieve a smooth turn to the desired bank angle while
maintaining a constant speed and altitude.
The roll-out from a turn is similar to the roll-in, except fl ight
controls are applied in the opposite direction. As the angle
of bank decreases, the pitch pressure should be relaxed as
necessary to maintain speed and the throttle decreased to
maintain altitude.
Since the aircraft continues turning as long as there is any
bank, the rollout must be started before reaching the desired
heading. The amount of lead required to roll-out of the
desired heading depends on the degree of bank used in the
　
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