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that provides pilot briefings, en route radio communications,
and VFR search-and-rescue services.
Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS). Weather
reporting system which provides surface observations every
minute via digitized voice broadcasts and printed reports.
Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS).
Automated weather reporting system consisting of various
sensors, a processor, a computer- generated voice subsystem,
and a transmitter to broadcast weather data.
Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS). The
continuous broadcast (by radio or telephone) of recorded
noncontrol, essential but routine information in selected
terminal areas.
Aviation Medical Examiner (AME). A medical doctor
authorized to perform aviation medical exams for aviators.
Axes of an aircraft. Three imaginary lines that pass through
an aircraft’s center of gravity. The axes can be considered
as imaginary axes around which the aircraft turns. The three
axes pass through the center of gravity at 90° angles to each
other. The axis from nose to tail is the longitudinal axis, the
axis that passes side to side along the wingspan is the lateral
axis and the axis that passes vertically through the center of
gravity is the vertical axis.
Ballistic parachute system (BPS). An optional parachute
system activated by the pilot where the parachute is extracted
for the WSC by a rocket.
Balloon. The result of a roundout (flare) that is too aggressive
during landing, causing the aircraft to climb.
Bank attitude. The angle of the lateral axis relative to the
horizon.
Base leg. A flight path at right angles to the landing runway
off its approach end. The base leg normally extends from
the downwind leg to the intersection of the extended runway
centerline.
Battens. The airfoil ribs of a WSC that are removed to fold
up the wing.
Best-angle-of-climb speed (VX). The speed at which
the aircraft produces the most gain in altitude in a given
distance.
Best glide. The airspeed at which the aircraft glides the
furthest for the least altitude lost when in non-powered
flight.
Best-rate-of-climb speed (VY). The speed at which the
aircraft produces the most gain in altitude in a given amount
of time.
BPS. See ballistic parachute system.
Calibrated airspeed (CAS). Indicated airspeed corrected
for installation error and instrument error. Although
manufacturers attempt to keep airspeed errors to a minimum,
it is not possible to eliminate all errors throughout the
airspeed operating range. This error is generally greatest at
low airspeeds. In the cruising and higher airspeed ranges,
indicated airspeed and calibrated airspeed are approximately
the same. Refer to the airspeed calibration chart to correct
for possible airspeed errors.
Camber. The curvature of a wing when looking at a cross
section. A wing has upper camber on its top surface and lower
camber on its bottom surface.
Carburetor. (1) Pressure: A hydromechanical device
employing a closed feed system from the fuel pump to the
discharge nozzle. It meters fuel through fixed jets according
to the mass airflow through the throttle body and discharges
it under a positive pressure. Pressure carburetors are
distinctly different from float-type carburetors, as they do not
incorporate a vented float chamber or suction pickup from a
discharge nozzle located in the venturi tube. (2) Float-type:
Consists essentially of a main air passage through which the
engine draws its supply of air, a mechanism to control the
quantity of fuel discharged in relation to the flow of air, and a
G-4
means of regulating the quantity of fuel/air mixture delivered
to the engine cylinders.
Carburetor ice. Ice that forms inside the carburetor due to
the temperature drop caused by the vaporization of the fuel.
Induction system icing is an operational hazard because it
can cut off the flow of the fuel/air charge or vary the fuel/air
ratio.
Carriage. The engine and seats, attached by a structure
to wheels; sometimes referred to as the fuselage, cockpit,
chaise, or airframe.
Carriage keel. The lower center tube in the carriage that runs
fore and aft which connects the mast to the front tube.
CAS. See calibrated airspeed.
Cavitation. A condition that exists in a fluid pump when
there is not enough pressure in the reservoir to force fluid
to the inlet of the pump. The pump picks up air instead of
fluid.
Center of gravity (CG). The point at which an aircraft would
balance if it were possible to suspend it at that point. It is the
mass center of the aircraft, or the theoretical point at which
　
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