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Runway Incursion Avoidance
A runway incursion is any occurrence at an airport involving
an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that
creates a collision hazard or results in a loss of separation
with an aircraft taking off, landing, or intending to land. The
three major areas contributing to runway incursions are:
• Communications,
• Airport knowledge, and
• Flight deck procedures for maintaining orientation.
Taxi operations require constant vigilance by the pilot and can
be assisted by the passenger. This is especially true during
fl ight training operations. Both the student pilot and the fl ight
instructor need to be continually aware of the movement and
location of other aircraft and ground vehicles on the airport
movement area. Many fl ight training activities are conducted
at nontowered airports. The absence of an operating airport
control tower creates a need for increased vigilance on the
part of pilots operating at those airports.
Planning, clear communications, and enhanced situational
awareness during airport surface operations will reduce the
potential for surface incidents. Safe aircraft operations can be
accomplished and incidents eliminated if the pilot is properly
trained from the outset and, throughout his or her fl ying
career, accomplishes standard taxi operating procedures and
practices. This requires the development of the formalized
teaching of safe operating practices during taxi operations.
Positive Transfer of Controls
During flight training, there must always be a clear
understanding between the student and fl ight instructor of
who has control of the aircraft. Prior to any dual training
fl ight, the instructor should conduct a briefi ng that includes
the procedure for the exchange of flight controls. The
following three-step process for the exchange of flight
controls is highly recommended.
When a fl ight instructor wishes the student to take control
of the aircraft, he or she should say to the student, “You
have the fl ight controls.” The student should acknowledge
immediately by saying, “I have the fl ight controls.” The fl ight
instructor confi rms by again saying, “You have the fl ight
controls.” Part of the procedure should be a visual check to
ensure that the other person actually has the fl ight controls.
When returning the controls to the fl ight instructor, the student
should follow the same procedure the instructor used when
giving control to the student. The student should stay on the
controls until the instructor says: “I have the fl ight controls.”
There should never be any doubt regarding who is fl ying the
WSC aircraft. Numerous accidents have occurred due to a
lack of communication or misunderstanding regarding who
actually had control of the aircraft, particularly between
student and fl ight instructor. Establishing the positive transfer
of controls procedure during initial training will ensure the
formation of a very benefi cial habit pattern.
Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)
A PIC’s attitude or mindset must always be alert in order to
maintain the safety of the aircraft, passengers, and the general
public on the ground. To accomplish sound aeronautical
decision-making (ADM), a pilot must be aware of his or
her limitations and well-being (physical and psychological
health), even before beginning the fi rst prefl ight routine.
While technology is constantly improving equipment and
strengthening materials, safe flight comes down to the
decisions made by the human pilot prior to and during
fl ight.
The well-being of the pilot is the starting point for the
decision-making process that occurs while in control of the
aircraft. Just as physical fatigue and illness directly affects
a pilot’s judgment, so too will attitude management, stress
management, risk management, personality tendencies, and
situational awareness. Hence, it is the awareness of human
factors and the knowledge of the related corrective action that
not only improves the safety of operating a WSC aircraft, but
also enhances the joy of fl ying. [Figure 1-18]
A good starting point is the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25), which explains the decisionmaking
process, resource management, situational awareness,
pilot error, stress management, risk management techniques,
and hazardous attitude antidotes. After reading and
understanding those subjects, it should be understood that
the scenarios presented are generally for more complex
airplanes, but the thought process and results are the same
　
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