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or incident. Two basic principles generally associated with
the creation of an error chain are: (1) one bad decision often
leads to another; and (2) as a string of bad decisions grows, it
reduces the number of subsequent alternatives for continued
safe flight. Aeronautical decision making is intended to break
the error chain before it can cause an accident or incident.
Evaporation. The transformation of a liquid to a gaseous
state, such as the change of water to water vapor.
Exhaust. The rear opening of a turbine engine exhaust duct.
The nozzle acts as an orifice, the size of which determines
the density and velocity of the gases as they emerge from
the engine.
Exhaust gas temperature (EGT). The temperature of the
exhaust gases as they leave the cylinders of a reciprocating
engine.
Exhaust manifold. The part of the engine that collects
exhaust gases leaving the cylinders.
FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration.
FAA inspector. FAA personnel who can administer practical
and proficiency tests and can issue pilot certificates.
FAA knowledge exam. Written exam administered by the
FAA as a prerequisite for pilot certification. Passing the
knowledge and practical exams is required for pilot applicants
to be issued FAA certificates or ratings.
Federal airways. Class E airspace areas that extend upward
from 1,200 feet to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL, unless
otherwise specified.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The federal
agency within the Department of Transportation that has
the responsibility of promoting safety in the air, by both
regulation and education.
Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). The former name of
the part of 14 CFR comprised of rules prescribed by the FAA
governing all aviation activities in the United States.
Field elevation. The highest point of an airport’s usable
runways measured in feet from mean sea level.
Final. Leg of the traffic pattern that is a descending flightpath
starting from the completion of the base-to-final turn and
extending to the point of touchdown.
G-8
Fixed-pitch propellers. Propellers with fixed blade angles.
Fixed-pitch propellers are designed as climb propellers,
cruise propellers, or standard propellers.
Fixed-wing aircraft. An aircraft whose wing is rigidly
attached to the structure. The term fixed-wing is used to
distinguish these aircraft from rotary-wing aircraft, such as
helicopters and autogiros.
Flare. See roundout.
Flight plan. Specified information relating to the intended
flight of an aircraft that is filed orally or in writing with an
FSS or an ATC facility.
Flightpath. The line, course, or track along which an aircraft
is flying or is intended to be flown.
Fog. Cloud consisting of numerous minute water droplets
and based at the surface; droplets are small enough to be
suspended in the earth’s atmosphere indefinitely. (Unlike
drizzle, it does not fall to the surface. Fog differs from a
cloud only in that a cloud is not based at the surface, and is
distinguished from haze by its wetness and gray color.)
Force (F). The energy applied to an object that attempts to
cause the object to change its direction, speed, or motion.
In aerodynamics, it is expressed as F, T (thrust), L (lift), W
(weight), or D (drag), usually in pounds.
Four forces. The four fundamental forces of flight: lift,
weight, drag and thrust.
Four-stroke engine. The principle of operation for some
reciprocating engines involving the conversion of fuel
energy into mechanical energy. The strokes are called intake,
compression, power, and exhaust.
Front. The boundary between two different air masses.
Front tube. The structural member of the carriage that
attaches to the top of the carriage mast to the front of the
fuselage. It acts as a control stop for the control bar to avoid
high angles of attack.
Fuel efficiency. Defined as the amount of fuel used to produce
a specific thrust or horsepower divided by the total potential
power contained in the same amount of fuel.
Fuel injection. A fuel metering system used on some aircraft
reciprocating engines in which a constant flow of fuel is fed
to injection nozzles in the heads of all cylinders just outside
of the intake valve. It differs from sequential fuel injection in
which a timed charge of high-pressure fuel is sprayed directly
into the combustion chamber of the cylinder.
Fuel system. The system that delivers fuel to the carburetors
or the fuel injection system composed of a fuel tank, fuel
pickup, fuel filter, and fuel pump.
Fuselage. The section of the WSC carriage that consists of the
　
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