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of reduced visibility. This should also be done in areas where
fl ocks of birds may be expected.
Although turning on aircraft lights supports the “see and be
seen” concept, pilots should not become complacent about
keeping a sharp lookout for other aircraft. Most aircraft lights
blend in with stars or city lights at night and go unnoticed
12-3
Figure 12-2. Position lights. Figure 12-3. Modern LED position lights on carriage wheel pants
simplify the installation with no wires running from the carriage
to the wing tips.
Figure 12-4. Landing light on WSC aircraft taxiing at night.
At least one reliable fl ashlight is recommended as standard
equipment on all night fl ights. Remember to place a spare
set of batteries in the fl ight kit. A spare fl ashlight is the better
choice, eliminating the need to change batteries during fl ight.
unless a conscious effort is made to distinguish them from
other lights.
Pilot Equipment
Before beginning a night fl ight, carefully consider personal
equipment that should be readily available during the fl ight.
12-4
Figure 12-5. WSC aircraft equipped for night cross-country flight with flashlight and aeronautical charts on kneeboards.
A D-cell size fl ashlight with a bulb switching mechanism that
can be used for white or red light is preferable. The white light
is used while performing the prefl ight visual inspection on
the ground, and the red light is used when performing fl ight
deck operations. Since the red light is nonglaring, it does not
impair night vision. Some pilots prefer two fl ashlights, one
with a white light for prefl ight and the other a penlight with
a red light. The latter can be suspended by a string around
the neck to ensure the light is always readily available. Be
aware that if a red light is used for reading an aeronautical
chart, the red features of the chart will not show up.
Aeronautical charts are essential for night cross-country fl ight
and, if the intended course is near the edge of the chart, the
adjacent chart should also be available. The lights of cities
and towns can be seen at surprising distances at night, and if
this adjacent chart is not available to identify those landmarks,
confusion could result. Regardless of the equipment used,
organization of the fl ight deck eases the burden on the pilot
and enhances safety. [Figure 12-5]
Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids
The lighting systems used for airports, runways, obstructions,
and other visual aids at night are other important aspects of
night fl ying.
Lighted airports located away from congested areas can be
identifi ed readily at night by the lights outlining the runways.
Airports located near or within large cities are often diffi cult
to identify in the maze of lights. It is important to know the
exact location of an airport relative to the city, and also be
able to identify these airports by the characteristics of their
lighting pattern.
Aeronautical lights are designed and installed in a variety
of colors and confi gurations, each having its own purpose.
Although some lights are used only during low ceiling and
visibility conditions, this discussion includes only the lights
that are fundamental to visual flight rules (VFR) night
operation.
It is recommended that prior to a night fl ight, and particularly
a cross-country night fl ight, the pilot check the availability
and status of lighting systems at the destination airport. This
information can be found on aeronautical charts and in the
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD). The status of each facility
can be determined by reviewing pertinent Notices to Airmen
(NOTAMs).
A rotating beacon is used to indicate the location of most
airports. The beacon rotates at a constant speed, thus
12-5
producing what appears to be a series of light fl ashes at
regular intervals. These fl ashes may be one or two different
colors that are used to identify various types of landing areas.
For example:
• Lighted civilian land airports—alternating white and
green
• Lighted civilian water airports—alternating white and
yellow
• Lighted military airports—alternating white and
green, but are differentiated from civil airports by
dual peaked (two quick) white fl ashes, then green
Beacons producing red fl ashes indicate obstructions or areas
considered hazardous to aerial navigation. Steady burning
red lights are used to mark obstructions on or near airports
and sometimes to supplement fl ashing lights on en route
obstructions. High intensity fl ashing white lights are used to
　
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