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tundra tires add signifi cant shock absorbing capability and
are used for operations on soft fi elds, rough fi elds, and sand.
[Figure 3-38] Generally, the faster WSC aircraft used for
airport operations have narrower tires to eliminate drag.
Landing Gear for Water and Snow
Besides landing gear for land, there are landing gear systems
for water (Weight-Shift Control Sea) and snow (skiequipped).
If ski-equipped, skis are added to the bottom of
the wheels or replace the wheels. If sea-equipped, a complete
system provides aircraft fl otation and steering using rudders
similar to a boat. The water rudders are foot controlled,
similar to WSCL steering on the ground. Two types of seaequipped
systems are the fl ying boat and pontoon.
The fl ying boat is a solid or infl atable boat that the WSC
aircraft fi ts into, and its fuselage is secured to as well.
[Figure 3-39] This is generally used for rougher seas in the
ocean and, with the extra drag of the boat itself, this typically
uses a larger wing and is therefore a slower fl ying WSC
aircraft. The boat design is known to be more stable in rough
seas and assists in keeping less water from splashing up so
pilot and passenger stay dryer.
The pontoon system is used for calmer water, has less drag
while fl ying, and therefore can accommodate faster, smaller
wings. [Figure 3-40] Both the fl ying boat and the pontoon
system need more horsepower than land operations for two
reasons: fi rst, to provide enough thrust to accelerate to takeoff
speed with the extra drag of the boat or pontoons on the water,
3-15
Figure 3-40. Pontoon system.
and second, to provide enough extra thrust to overcome the
additional drag of the boat or pontoons in the air for fl ight.
Electrical Systems
WSC aircraft are typically equipped with a 12-volt direct
current (DC) electrical system. A basic WSC aircraft
electrical system consists of a magneto/generator, voltage
regulator, battery, master/battery switch, and associated
electrical wiring. Electrical energy stored in a battery provides
a source of electrical power for starting the engine and other
electrical loads for the WSC aircraft.
The electrical system is typically turned on or off with a
master switch. Turning the master switch to the on position
provides electrical energy from the battery to all the electrical
equipment circuits with the exception of the ignition system.
Equipment that commonly uses the electrical system energy
includes:
• Position lights
• Anticollision lights
• Instrument lights
• Radio equipment
• Navigation equipment
• Electronic instrumentation
• Electric fuel pump
• Starting motor
• Electric heating systems (gloves, socks, pants, vests,
jackets, etc.)
Fuses or circuit breakers are used in the electrical system to
protect the circuits and equipment from electrical overload.
Spare fuses of the proper amperage should be carried in the
WSC aircraft to replace defective or blown fuses. Circuit
breakers have the same function as a fuse but can be manually
reset, rather than replaced, if an overload condition occurs in
the electrical system. Placards at the fuse or circuit breaker
panel identify the circuit by name and show the amperage
limit.
An ammeter may be used to monitor the performance of
the electrical system. The ammeter shows if the magneto/
generator is producing an adequate supply of electrical power.
It also indicates whether or not the battery is receiving an
electrical charge. A voltage meter also provides electrical
information about battery voltage, an additional status of
the electrical system.
Ballistic Parachute
An additional safety system available is a ballistic parachute
system. In the case of a structural failure because of a mid-air
collision or an engine out over hostile terrain such as a forest,
the ballistic parachute provides an added safety system. The
parachute is sized so that when used, the complete aircraft
comes down under canopy. Details of ballistic parachute
system use are covered in more detail in Chapter 13,
Abnormal and Emergency Operations.
When the system is activated, a rocket shoots out, pulling the
parachute system to full line stretch, and forcing the parachute
out and away from the carriage and wing.
The preferred point of attachment for the parachute is on top
of the wing at the hang point. This allows the WSC aircraft
to descend level and land on the wheels, helping to absorb
the shock. This requires routing from the chute to the top of
the wing with “O” rings to be able to remove this routing to
　
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