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cockpit, containing seats for the occupants and attachments
for the landing gear and wing.
G loads. Load imposed on an airframe due to inertia
(centrifugal force). 1G of load factor represents the weight
of the actual aircraft. 2G represents effectively twice the
aircraft’s actual weight.
Glidepath. The path of an aircraft relative to the ground
while approaching a landing.
Glide ratio. The ratio of the forward distance traveled to the
vertical distance an aircraft descends when it is operating
without power. For example, an aircraft with a glide ratio of
10:1 will descend about 1,000 feet for every 2 miles (10,560
feet) it moves forward.
Global positioning system (GPS). A satellite based radio
positioning, navigation, and time transfer system used for as
a reference for navigation and measures ground speed.
Go-around. The termination of a landing approach.
Reference the AIM Pilot/Controller Glossary.
Go/No-go decision. Decision of whether or not to make
a flight based on environmental, personal or mechanical
factors. A focus area for human factors study.
GPS. See global positioning system.
Gross weight. The total weight of a fully loaded aircraft
including the fuel, oil, crew, passengers, and cargo.
Ground-adjustable propeller. A type of aircraft propeller
whose blade pitch angle can be adjusted when the engine is
not running. The adjustment requires loosening the blades
in the hub.
Ground effect. A condition of improved performance
encountered when an airfoil is operating very close to the
ground. When an airfoil is under the influence of ground
G-9
effect, there is a reduction in upwash, downwash, and wingtip
vortices. As a result of the reduced wingtip vortices, induced
drag is reduced.
Ground track. The aircraft’s path over the ground when
in flight.
Ground wires. The wires on top of the wing attached to the
king post which hold up the wings on the ground and during
negative loads during flight. The fore to aft ground wires
which hold the king post in place fore to aft.
Groundspeed (GS). The actual speed of an aircraft over the
ground. It is true airspeed adjusted for wind. Groundspeed
decreases with a headwind, and increases with a tailwind. A
GPS measures ground speed.
Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS).
Recorded weather forecasts broadcast to airborne pilots over
selected VORs.
Heading. The direction in which the nose of the aircraft is
pointing during flight.
Headwind. A wind which blows from the direction the
aircraft is flying. The ground speed of an aircraft (the speed
the aircraft is moving over the ground) is less than the speed
through the air by the velocity of the headwind.
Headwind component. The component of atmospheric
winds that acts opposite to the aircraft’s flightpath.
HIWAS. See Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory
Service.
Horsepower. The term, originated by inventor James Watt,
means the amount of work a horse could do in one second.
One horsepower equals 550 foot-pounds per second, or
33,000 foot-pounds per minute.
Hour meter. An instrument installed in many aircraft to show
the actual number of hours the engine has operated.
Hydroplaning. A condition that exists when landing on a
surface with standing water deeper than the tread depth of
the tires. When the brakes are applied, there is a possibility
that the brake will lock up and the tire will ride on the
surface of the water, much like a water ski. When the tires
are hydroplaning, directional control and braking action
are virtually impossible. An effective anti-skid system can
minimize the effects of hydroplaning.
Hyperventilation. Occurs when an individual is experiencing
emotional stress, fright, or pain, and the breathing rate and
depth increase, although the carbon dioxide level in the
blood is already at a reduced level. The result is an excessive
loss of carbon dioxide from the body, which can lead to
unconsciousness due to the respiratory system’s overriding
mechanism to regain control of breathing.
Hypoxia. State of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient
to impair functions of the brain and other organs.
ICAO. See International Civil Aviation Organization.
Ident. Air Traffic Control request for a pilot to push the
button on the transponder to identify return on the controller’s
scope.
IFR. See instrument flight rules.
ILS. See instrument landing system.
IMC. See instrument meteorological conditions.
Indicated airspeed (IAS). The direct instrument reading
obtained from the airspeed indicator, uncorrected for
　
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