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pilot certifi cate. This regulation also states the pilot applicant
must be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. The FAA Practical Test Standards (PTS) establish
the standards for the knowledge and skills necessary for the
issuance of a pilot certifi cate. It is important to reference both
of these documents to understand the knowledge, skills, and
experience required to obtain a pilot certifi cate to fl y a WSC
aircraft. [Figure 1-17]
Pilot applicants and students fl ying solo must have a valid
driver’s license or a current third-class medical certifi cate
issued under 14 CFR part 67. In addition to a valid driver’s
license or a medical certifi cate, each pilot must determine
before each fl ight that he or she is medically fi t to operate
the aircraft in a safe manner. If using a valid driver’s license
to exercise the privileges of a sport pilot certifi cate, then
all restrictions on that driver’s license are also upheld. A
current FAA third-class medical certifi cate must be obtained
to exercise the privileges of a WSC private pilot certifi cate.
Existing pilots, including previous student pilots, who have
had their FAA medical certifi cate or most recent application
denied, revoked, withdrawn, or suspended by the FAA, are
not allowed to operate using a driver’s license until the denial
on the airman record is cleared by having a valid third class
medical certifi cate issued.
Flight Safety Practices
In the interest of safety and good habit pattern formation,
there are certain basic fl ight safety practices and procedures
that must be emphasized by the fl ight instructor and adhered
to by both instructor and student, beginning with the very
fi rst dual instruction fl ight. These include, but are not limited
to, collision avoidance procedures including proper scanning
techniques and clearing procedures, runway incursion
avoidance, and positive transfer of controls.
Collision Avoidance
All pilots must be alert to the potential for midair collision
and near midair collisions. The general operating and
fl ight rules in 14 CFR part 91 set forth the concept of “see
and avoid.” This concept requires that vigilance shall be
maintained at all times by each person operating an aircraft.
Most midair collision accidents and reported near midair
collision incidents occur in good visual fl ight rules (VFR)
weather conditions and during the hours of daylight. Most of
these accident/incidents occur within fi ve miles of an airport
and/or near navigation aids.
The “see and avoid” concept relies on knowledge of the
limitations of the human eye, and the use of proper visual
scanning techniques to help compensate for these limitations.
The importance of, and the proper techniques for, visual
scanning should be taught to a student pilot at the very
beginning of fl ight training. The competent fl ight instructor
should be familiar with the visual scanning and collision
avoidance information contained in Advisory Circular
(AC) 90-48, Pilot’s Role in Collision Avoidance, and the
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).
It should be noted that any turn or maneuver must be
cleared before initiating. This is a most important concept
in fl ying any aircraft. Look and clear the area of any aircraft
or obstructions before any maneuver is performed. As an
example, if a right hand turn is to be performed, the pilot
must look right and clear the area before initiating any turn
to the right. This “clearing procedure” must be done before
performing any maneuver.
This is an important habit for any student for safety purposes
and is incorporated into the pilot certifi cation process. The
pilot must be trained by a CFI in effectively clearing the area
before any maneuver is performed.
1-10
There are many different types of clearing procedures. Most
are centered around the use of clearing turns. Some pilot
training programs have hard-and-fast rules, such as requiring
two 90° turns in opposite directions before executing any
training maneuver. Other types of clearing procedures may
be developed by individual fl ight instructors. Whatever
the preferred method, the fl ight instructor should teach the
beginning student an effective clearing procedure and require
its use. The student pilot should execute the appropriate
clearing procedure before all turns and before executing any
training maneuver. Proper clearing procedures, combined
with proper visual scanning techniques, are the most effective
strategy for collision avoidance.
　
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