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and is generally of a fi ve NM radius surface area that extends
from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation, and
a 10 NM radius area that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet
above the airport elevation. There is also a noncharted outer
area with a 20 NM radius, which extends from the surface
to 4,000 feet above the primary airport, and this area may
include one or more satellite airports. [Figure 8-9]
WSC aircraft can fl y into Class C airspace by contacting
the control tower fi rst, establishing communications (same
as Class D), and having an altitude encoding transponder.
Aircraft can enter Class C airspace without a transponder if
prior permission from ATC is received 1 hour before entry,
per 14 CFR section 91.215(d)(3). Aircraft may fl y under the
Class C upper tier of airspace without a transponder but not
over the top of Class C airspace lateral boundaries.
Cloud clearances in Class C airspace are the same as Class D
airspace: minimum visibility of three statute miles, and a
minimum distance from clouds of 1,000 feet above, 500 feet
below, and 2,000 feet horizontal.
Since Class C has signifi cant air traffi c, many with larger
airplanes creating stronger vortices, the pilot must be aware
that the chance of encountering catastrophic wingtip vortices
is greater at airports with larger air traffi c.
Class B Airspace
Class B airspace is generally airspace from the surface to
10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports
in terms of IFR operations or passenger enplanements.
[Figures 8-3 and 8-10] The confi guration of each Class B
airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a surface
area and two or more additional layers (some Class B
airspace areas resemble upside-down wedding cakes), and
is designed to contain all published instrument procedures
once an aircraft enters the airspace.
Equipment requirements are the same as for Class C airspace;
however, due to air traffi c congestion, the WSC aircraft pilot
requesting entry to Class B airspace may be denied entry.
Since aircraft operating in Class B airspace have a radar
signature and ATC provides aircraft separation, there is a
difference in the cloud clearance requirements. Visibility
remains three statute miles, but minimum cloud clearance
requirement is to remain clear of clouds. [Figure 8-6]
8-8
Figure 8-11. Special use airspace designations as appear on
sectional charts.
Airspace Above 10,000' MSL and Below 18,000'
For WSC aircraft fl ying above 10,000 feet MSL, the visibility
must be greater than 5 SM and cloud clearances increase to
1,000 feet below, 1,000 feet above, and 1 SM horizontal.
If the WSC aircraft was not certifi cated with an electrical
system, an altitude encoding transponder is required per 14
CFR section 91.215.
Oxygen is required for the pilot above 12,500 MSL up to
and including 14,000 feet MSL if the fl ight at those levels
is more than 30 minutes duration. At altitudes above 14,000
feet MSL, oxygen is required for the pilot during the entire
fl ight time at those altitudes. At altitudes above 15,000 feet
MSL, each occupant of the aircraft must be provided with
supplemental oxygen.
Class A Airspace
Class A airspace is generally the airspace from 18,000 feet
MSL up to and including FL 600, including the airspace
overlying the waters within 12 NM of the coast of the 48
contiguous states and Alaska. Unless otherwise authorized,
all operations in Class A airspace are conducted under IFR.
Class A airspace is not applicable to WSC pilots.
Special Use Airspace
Special use airspace is the designation for airspace in which
certain activities must be confi ned, or where limitations may
be imposed on aircraft operations that are not part of those
activities.
Special use airspace usually consists of:
• Prohibited areas
• Restricted areas
• Warning areas
• Military operation areas (MOAs)
• Alert areas
• Controlled fi ring areas
• Parachute jump areas
Except for controlled firing areas, special use airspace
areas are depicted on visual sectional charts. [Figure 8-11]
Controlled fi ring areas are not charted because their activities
are suspended immediately when spotter aircraft, radar,
or ground lookout positions indicate an aircraft might be
approaching the area. Nonparticipating aircraft are not
required to change their fl ightpaths. Special use airspace
areas are shown in their entirety (within the limits of the
chart), even when they overlap, adjoin, or when an area is
designated within another area. The areas are identifi ed by
　
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