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At airports that use noise abatement procedures, reminder
signs may be installed at the taxiway hold positions for
applicable runways. These are to remind pilots to use and
comply with noise abatement procedures on departure. Pilots
who are not familiar with these procedures should ask the
tower or air traffi c facility for the recommended procedures.
In any case, pilots should be considerate of the surrounding
community while operating their aircraft to and from such
an airport. This includes operating as quietly, yet safely as
possible.
Chapter Summary
Normal Takeoff is straight down runway centerline with
rotation at proper airspeed and initial climb at safe airspeed
and moderate pitch angle to account for engine failure.
Once to safe maneuvering altitude en route climb speed
is maintained. Cross wind takeoffs are similar to normal
takeoffs except wing must be held straight to ground path
during acceleration and greater speed is obtained before
rotation. Short fi eld takeoffs are performed by ensuring that
suffi cient runway is available for takeoff and utilizing bestangle-
of-climb speed (VX) until obstacle is cleared. Rough
or soft fi eld takeoffs are performed by keeping the weight
off the nosewheel, and lifting off into the ground effect to
gain speed as soon as possible.
Precautions should always be taken by climbing at faster
airspeeds and lower pitch angles in case of an engine failure/
rejected landing.
7-14
8-1
Introduction
The National Airspace System (NAS) is the network of
all components regarding airspace in the United States.
This comprehensive label includes air navigation facilities,
equipment, services, airports or landing areas, sectional charts,
information/services, rules, regulations, procedures, technical
information, manpower, and material. Many of these system
components are shared jointly with the military. To conform
to international aviation standards, the United States adopted
the primary elements of the classifi cation system developed
by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
This chapter provides a general discussion of airspace
classifi cation. Detailed information on the classifi cation of
airspace, operating procedures, and restrictions is found in
the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).
The National
Airspace System
Chapter 8
8-2
Figure 8-1. Each student, pilot, and instructor should have a current sectional chart
for the flight area.
This handbook departs from the conventional
norm, in that the airspace discussions are
presented in reverse order, in the belief that it
is much easier to learn the airspace from least
complicated to most complicated; also, the
information presented for basic visual fl ight
rules (VFR) weather minimums is only that
necessary for weight-shift control (WSC)
aircraft operations.
The two categories of airspace are regulatory
and nonregulatory. Within these two
categories, there are four types: uncontrolled,
controlled, special use, and other airspace.
Airspace is charted on sectional charts as
shown in the some examples for the specifi c
airspaces on the chapter. The specific
airspace symbols are shown on the legend
for each sectional chart. [Figure 8-1] The
WSC aircraft pilot should study and refer
to the specifi cs of the AIM; FAA-H-8083-
25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge; and Title 14 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91 for
additional information regarding airspace
and operations within that airspace.
Uncontrolled Airspace
Class G Airspace
Class G or uncontrolled airspace is the
portion of the airspace that has not been
designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E. Class
G airspace extends from the surface to the
base of controlled airspace (Class B, C, D,
and E) above it as shown in Figures 8-2
and 8-3.
Most Class G airspace is overlaid with
Class E airspace, beginning at either 700
or 1,200 feet above ground level (AGL).
In remote areas of the United States, Class
G airspace extends above 700 and 1,200
AGL to as high as 14,500 feet before the
Class E airspace begins. [Figure 8-2] The
pilot is advised to consult the appropriate
sectional chart to ensure that he or she is
aware of the airspace limits prior to fl ight
in an unfamiliar area. [Figure 8-4]
There are no communications, entry,
equipment, or minimum pilot certifi cate
8-3
18,000 MSL (FL 180)
10,000 MSL sport pilot limit
Class E controlled airspace
Class E controlled airspace
　
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