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In addition to having the passenger scan the skies for other
aircraft, the passenger can maintain control of the aircraft for
short periods as the WSC is relatively easy to fl y straight.
This permits the pilot to perform unanticipated flight
deck functions during fl ight. Overall, prefl ight planning
and passenger briefi ngs are additional tasks of resource
management for the WSC aircraft.
Use of Checklists
Checklists have been the foundation of pilot standardization
and fl ight deck safety for many years and the fi rst defense
against the error chain that leads to accidents. [Figure 1-20] The
checklist is an aid to the fallible human memory and helps
to ensure that critical safety items are not overlooked or
forgotten. However, checklists are of no value if the pilot is not
committed to their use. Without discipline and dedication in
using a checklist, the odds favor the possibility of an error.
The importance of consistent use of checklists cannot be
overstated in pilot training. A major objective in primary fl ight
training is to establish habitual patterns that will serve pilots
well throughout their fl ying careers. The fl ight instructor must
promote a positive attitude toward the use of checklists, and
the student pilot must recognize their importance.
Because of the evolution of WSC aircraft and their simplicity,
it could be thought that written checklists are not required.
Nothing is further from the truth. Following good written
checklists provides signifi cant safety for human factors,
which is the greatest cause of accidents in aviation.
Five important written checklists must be used before fl ight.
These specifi c checklists are emphasized because of their
importance in avoiding pilot errors that can occur before or
during fl ight:
1. Prefl ight preparation
2. Routine prefl ight inspection
3. Passenger prefl ight brief
4. Engine start/taxi
5. Prefl ight check
1-13
Wire running to WSC
12-volt electrical system
Electric gloves
Figure 1-21. Motorcycle gloves and socks hooked to the 12-volt WSC electrical system keep the pilot and
passenger warm.
Because checklists may not be practical in the open fl ight
deck during fl ight, and depending on the manufacturer and
make/model of the WSC aircraft, checklists used for climb,
en route, and landing may be placards in the fl ight deck that
can be read by the pilot in fl ight or used on kneeboards as
appropriate. Checklists must be secured to prevent their fl ying
through the propeller during taxi or fl ight.
An additional written checklist that can be used on the ground
after landing is taxi, engine shutdown, postfl ight inspection,
and securing aircraft.
Medical Factors
A number of physiological effects can be linked to fl ying.
Some are minor, while others are important enough to
require special attention to ensure safety of fl ight. In some
cases, physiological factors can lead to infl ight emergencies.
Some important medical factors that a WSC pilot should
be aware of include hypoxia, hyperventilation, middle ear
and sinus problems, spatial disorientation, motion sickness,
carbon monoxide poisoning, stress and fatigue, dehydration,
heatstroke, and hypothermia. Other factors include the effects
of alcohol and drugs, and excess nitrogen in the blood after
scuba diving.
A prerequisite to this chapter is the aeromedical factors
portion of the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
(FAA-H-8083-25)
which provides detailed
information a pilot must
consider in all flight
operations. All of the
aeromedical factors
described in that book
are applicable to WSC.
However, the following
are additional topics
applicable to WSC not
specifi cally covered.
Fatigue
Because the WSC
aircraft moves weight
through pilot input, there
is significant arm and
upper body strength
required to fl y a WSC
aircraft, especially in
turbulence. If flying
a cross-country flight
midday in moderate
turbulence for more than
an hour, a pilot would
require signifi cant strength and endurance. This signifi cantly
adds to fatigue, as discussed in the Pilot’s Handbook of
Aeronautical Knowledge. This is accomplished all the time by
experienced pilots, but it is a workout. If this type of workout
is combined with dehydration in a desert environment, a
greater than anticipated headwind, or fl ying an unfamiliar
cross-country route, the added aeromedical risk factors could
lead to a fatal error chain.
Hypothermia
　
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