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Longitudinal axis. An imaginary line through an aircraft
from nose to tail, passing through its center of gravity about
which the aircraft rolls in flight. The longitudinal axis is also
called the roll axis of the aircraft.
Longitudinal stability (pitching). Stability about the lateral
axis. A desirable characteristic of an airplane whereby it tends
to return to its trimmed angle of attack after displacement.
LSA. See Light-Sport Aircraft.
MAC. See mean aerodynamic chord.
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Magnetic compass. A device for determining direction
measured from magnetic north.
Magneto. A self-contained engine-driven unit that supplies
electrical current to the spark plugs, completely independent
of the airplane’s electrical system. Normally there are two
magnetos per engine.
Make/model. Refers to the manufacturer and model of a
specific aircraft.
Maneuvering altitude. An altitude above the ground
that allows a sufficient margin of height to permit safe
maneuvering.
Maneuvering speed (VA). The maximum speed at which full,
abrupt control movement can be used without overstressing
the airframe.
Maneuverability. Ability of an aircraft to change directions
along a flightpath and withstand the stresses imposed upon
it.
Mast. The carriage structural component that is attached to
the rear of the carriage keel and the top of the front tube. The
top is the carriage attachment the wing.
Maximum gross weight. The maximum authorized weight
of the aircraft and all of its equipment as specified in the
POH/AFM/AOI for the aircraft.
Maximum structure cruising speed (VNO). The speed not
to exceed except in smooth air; the upper limit of the green
arc.
Mean aerodynamic chord (MAC). The average distance
from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing.
Mean sea level (MSL). The average height of the surface
of the sea for all stages of tide. A number preceding MSL
indicates altitude in feet above mean sea level.
Mechanical Turbulence. Type of turbulence caused by
obstructions on the ground interfering with smooth flow
of the wind. Trees, buildings and terrain can all cause
mechanical turbulence.
Medical certificate. Acceptable evidence of physical fitness
on a form prescribed by the Administrator.
Medium-banked turn. Turn resulting from a degree of bank
(approximately 20 to 45 degrees) at which the WSC remains
at a constant bank.
METAR. See Aviation Routine Weather Report.
Microburts. A strong downdraft which normally occurs over
horizontal distances of 1 NM or less and vertical distances of
less than 1,000 feet. In spite of its small horizontal scale, an
intense microburst could induce windspeeds greater than 100
knots and downdrafts as strong as 6,000 feet per minute.
Military Operations Area (MOA). Airspace of defined
vertical and lateral limits established for the purpose of
separating certain military training activity from IFR
traffic.
Military Training Routes (MTR). Special routes developed
to allow the military to conduct low-altitude, high-speed
training.
Minimum controllable airspeed. An airspeed at which any
further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or
reduction in power, would result in an immediate stall.
Minimum drag speed (L/DMAX). The point on the total
drag curve where the lift-to-drag ratio is the greatest. At this
speed, total drag is minimized.
Mindset. A factor in aeronautical decision making where
decision making is influenced by preconceived ideas about
the outcome of events. For example, an expectation of
improving weather conditions can lead to increased risk
during a flight.
Mixture. The ratio of fuel to air entering the engine’s
cylinders.
MOA. See Military operations Area.
Mode C transponder. A receiver/transmitter which will
generate a radar reply signal upon proper interrogation; the
interrogation and reply being on different frequencies. Mode
C means the reply signal includes altitude information.
Moment. A force that causes or tries to cause an object to
rotate. The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its
arm. Moments are expressed in pound-inches (lb-in). Total
moment is the weight of the PPC multiplied by the distance
between the datum and the CG.
Moment arm. The distance from a datum to the applied
force.
MSL. See mean sea level.
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National Airspace System (NAS). The common network of
United States airspace. air navigation facilities, equipment
and services, airports or landing areas; sectional charts,
information and services; rules, regulations and procedures,
　
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