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saying among WSC pilots is “you steer with your feet, you
fl y with your hands.”
While the speed of the takeoff roll increases, increasingly
more pressure is felt on the control bar to the ground roll
trim position. Letting the wing pitch pressures determine the
fore and aft control bar position provides the least drag for the
WSC aircraft to accelerate. The pilot maintains directional
control down the center of the runway with the foot steering,
keeps the wings level side to side, and allows the wing to
determine the pitch angle during the acceleration.
Lift-Off
Since a good takeoff depends on the proper takeoff attitude,
it is important to know how this attitude appears and how it
is attained. The ideal takeoff attitude requires only minimum
pitch adjustments shortly after the airplane lifts off to attain
the speed for the best rate of climb (VY). [Figure 7-3]
The pitch attitude necessary for the aircraft to accelerate
to VY speed should be demonstrated by the instructor and
memorized by the student. Initially, the student pilot may
have a tendency to hold excessive control bar forward/nose
up pressure just after lift-off, resulting in an abrupt pitch-up.
The fl ight instructor should be prepared for this. For a normal
takeoff, the WSC aircraft should lift off the ground gradually
and smoothly.
Each type of WSC aircraft has a best pitch attitude for normal
lift-off; however, varying conditions may make a difference
in the required takeoff technique. A rough fi eld, a smooth
fi eld, a hard surface runway, or a short or soft, muddy fi eld,
calls for a slightly different technique as does smooth air in
contrast to a strong, gusty wind. The different techniques
for those other-than-normal conditions are discussed later
in this chapter.
As the WSC aircraft accelerates and obtains the speed it
needs to lift off, a slight push forward on the control bar
7-4
Figure 7-3. Initial roll and takeoff attitude.
Initial Roll Takeoff Attitude
provides the initial attitude to lift-off. This is often referred
to as “rotating.” At this point, the climb speed should be
immediately established for the particular condition. For calm
winds, this would be the trim position or the manufacturer
recommended takeoff safety airspeed. The wings must be
kept level by applying side to side pressure as necessary.
Since some forward pressure was required to rotate, this
pressure must be relaxed smoothly so that takeoff attitude
is not too high. This requires the control bar being brought
back to trim and applying some nose down pressure to avoid
popping off as the WSC aircraft leaves the ground. Each make
and model is different and the high power WSC aircraft must
provide more nose down pressure after rotation to keep the
attitude low. A good takeoff is a smooth and gradual liftoff.
It is important to hold the correct attitude constant after
rotation and liftoff.
As the aircraft leaves the ground, the pilot must continue to
be concerned with maintaining the wings in a level attitude,
as well as holding the proper pitch attitude. An outside visual
scan to attain/maintain proper pitch and bank attitude must
be intensifi ed at this critical point.
During takeoffs in a strong, gusty wind, it is advisable that an
extra margin of speed be obtained before the WSC aircraft is
allowed to leave the ground. A takeoff at the normal takeoff
speed may result in a lack of positive control, or a stall,
when the WSC aircraft encounters a sudden lull in strong,
gusty wind, or other turbulent air currents. In this case, the
pilot should allow the aircraft to stay on the ground longer
by pulling the control bar towards the chest keeping the nose
down to attain more speed; then make a smooth, positive
rotation to leave the ground.
Initial Climb
Upon lift-off, the WSC aircraft should be fl ying at the
approximate pitch attitude that allows it to accelerate to at
least the manufacturers takeoff safety speed. This is usually
close to the best climb rate speed VY providing the greatest
altitude gain in a period of time. Higher speeds should be
used if the air is turbulent to assure the WSC does not stall
from a strong wind gust. This speed should be maintained
during the initial climb out in case of an engine failure. This
is especially important with higher power engines and larger
wings to avoid a high pitch attitude during this critical phase
of the takeoff. With a lower pitch attitude and a faster speed,
the WSC aircraft can recover easier from an engine failure on
takeoff. This is discussed in greater detail in the emergency
　
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