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storage for the aircraft if leaving it set up. [Figure 3-8]
3-6
Figure 3-10. Clean upper surface of strutted wing.
Figure 3-9. A strutted wing folded back so it can fit into a trailer for
storage and easy transport (top). Strutted wing with wings folded
back for easy storage (bottom).
Figure 3-11. Curved leading edge sail design.
Leading Edge
Leading Edge
Leading Edge
Some strutted designs allow the wings to be folded back while
still on the carriage. This can also be helpful when using a
smaller space for storage by folding the wing up without
taking it off the carriage. [Figure 3-9] It is also convenient
for sea trikes since the aircraft does not have to be taken out
of the water to fold up the wing.
Strutted wings have a clean upper surface with no holes
required for the king post or wires to go through the top
of the sail. This reduces interference drag on the top of the
wing. Increasing overall effi ciency, no holes in the sail also
eliminates any high pressure leakage from underneath the
wing getting sucked up to the lower pressure on top of the
wing. [Figure 3-10]
Sail Components
The sail is a highly refi ned design that integrates with its
wing frame. Each sail and wing frame are designed for each
other and are not interchangeable with other sails or wings.
Modern sails are designed with complex geometry and sewn
to precision to achieve a highly effi cient design. Because of the
fl exibility of the wing frame and the modern techniques in sail
design, the leading edge can have a curved shape which adds
to the effi ciency and stability of the wing. [Figure 3-11]
3-7
Figure 3-13. Keel pocket.
Figure 3-12. Trailing edge of the sail showing reinforcement panels,
trailing edge line, and batten ties with attachment hardware.
Figure 3-14. Crossbar tensioning junction attachment example.
Battens and Leading Edge Stiffener
As discussed in the aerodynamics section, stiff preformed
battens are the airfoil ribs that maintain the airfoil shape from
the root to the tips. Additionally, a foam or mylar stiffener is
inserted in a pocket at the leading edge to keep a rigid airfoil
shape between the battens from the leading edge up to the
airfoil high point. Double surface wings have additional ribs
on the bottom surface that are straight or formed to maintain
the bottom surface camber.
Sail Material and Panels
Sail material is a combination of polyester materials designed
with different weaves, thickness, and orientation to fi t the
design mission of the wing. Panels are cut to different shapes
and laid down at different angles to provide the stiffness
and fl exibility where needed for the specifi c wing design.
Automated machines typically cut the fabric to precision
tolerances and the panels are sewn together with high strength
thread.
Pockets and Hardware
Pockets are added for battens and hardware is installed for
the wing frame and wire attachments. Trailing edge line or
wires are sometimes added for reinforcement and can be used
for tuning. Battens are held in with a variety of batten ties or
other methods unique to the manufacturer. [Figure 3-12]
Sail Attachment to Wing Frame
The sail is attached to the wing frame at the nose and the
tips. A keel pocket towards the back of the sail secures the
sail to the wing keel. [Figure 3-13]
Cables and Hardware
Cables are used throughout the wing frame and sail to hold
components in place and act as structure to carry loads. Flight
and ground cables are stainless steel and attach to components
with tangs or other hardware depending on the application.
Cables are secured at each end with thimbles and swaged
fi ttings. Figure 3-5 shows detail of typical swaged fi ttings.
A variety of hardware is used for attaching these swaged
cable fi ttings to the airframe. Each manufacturer has different
hardware for wing components. [Figures 3-14 and 3-15]
3-8
Washout Strut
Sprog
Figure 3-18. Sprogs for strutted wing.
Figure 3-16. Reflex cables.
Washout Strut
Figure 3-17. Washout struts.
Figure 3-15. View inside wing showing top wire coming though
sail that is reinforced, being attached to the crossbar by a tang, an
aircraft bolt, washers, and lock nut.
Wing Systems
Refl ex Systems
As discussed in the aerodynamics section, the trailing edge
near the root and the tips must stay up during unusually low or
negative angles of attack [Figure 2-29] to maintain a positive
pitch stability for the aircraft. There are a number of refl ex
systems used to accomplish this in emergency situations.
　
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