Altitude deviation:

.  
Deviation from the assigned altitude (or flight level) equal to or greater than 300 ft.

Terrain Awareness – When and How ?
Page 1

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
    Flight Operations Support

Inadequate terrain separation:
.  Any operation with a terrain separation of less than 2000 ft in designated mountainous areas or less than 1000 ft in all other areas (except otherwise authorized and properly assigned by ATC in terminal areas).
Navigation ( course ) deviations and altitude deviations usually are caused by monitoring errors and may result in inadequate terrain separation.
Monitoring errors involve the crew inability to monitor the aircraft trajectory and instruments while performing autopilot or FMS entries, or while being interrupted or distracted.
Delayed recognition of monitoring errors is estimated to result in the following mean deviations from the intended vertical or lateral flight path:
.  
1000 ft, in case of altitude deviation; and,

.  
10 nautical miles, in case of course deviation.

Terrain Awareness - When and How ?
This paragraph provides an overview of:
.  
Opportunities available to enhance terrain awareness (e.g., operations manuals, technical training, navigation charts); and,

.  
Operational recommendations and techniques proposed to establish and maintain the desired level of terrain awareness.

This overview identifies the most important terrain-awareness-items (i.e., CFIT-critical item).
Standard Operating Procedures
Standard operating procedures (SOPs) should emphasize the following terrain-awareness-items:
.  Task sharing and standard calls for effective cross check and backup, particularly for mode selections and target entries;
                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

.  Operations Golden Rules ( refer to Briefing Note
1.3 – Operations Golden Rules ):
The first golden rule states Fly, Navigate, Communicate and Manage, in that order.
Navigate can be defined by the following three “know where …” statements:
.  Know where you are;
.  Know where you should be; and,
.  Know where the terrain and obstacles are.

.  
Approach and go-around briefings;

.  
Altimeter setting and cross-check procedures:

.  When receiving an altitude clearance, immediately set the cleared altitude in the FCU altitude window (even before readback, if appropriate because of workload);
.  Ensure that selected altitude is cross-checked by both crewmembers;
.  Ensure that the cleared altitude is above the applicable minimum safe altitude; and,
.  Positively confirm any altitude clearance below the MSA, when under radar vectoring (or be aware of applicable minimum vectoring altitude for the sector).
　
中國航空網 m.k6050.com
航空翻譯 www.aviation.cn
本文鏈接地址：Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(93)