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.  “Black hole” along the final approach flight path:
.  In case of approach over water or with an unlighted area on the approach path, the absence of visible ground features reduces the crew ability to perceive the aircraft lateral position and vertical position relative to the intended flight path.

Visual Illusions Awareness
Page 2

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.  Uphill or downhill terrain before the runway threshold:
.  An uphill slope in the approach zone or a drop-off of terrain at the approach end of the runway creates an illusion of being too high (i.e., impression of a steep glide path, as shown on Figure 1), thus:
°. possibly inducing a correction (increasing the rate of descent) that places the aircraft below the intended glide path; or,
°. preventing the flight crew from detecting a too shallow flight path.
                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

Runway environment:
.  Runway dimensions / aspect ratio (Figure 3):
.  the runway aspect ratio (i.e., its length relative to its width) affects the crew visual perspective view of the runway:
°. a large or short runway (low aspect ratio) creates an impression of being too low; and, 
°. a narrow or long runway (high aspect ratio) creates an impression of being too high.

.  A downhill slope in the approach zone creates an illusion of being too low (i.e., impression of a shallow glide path, as shown on Figure 2), thus:
°. possibly inducing a correction placing the aircraft above the intended glide path; or,
°. preventing the flight crew from detecting a too steep flight path.

 

Figure 3
Photo - LFBO 15 R ( 3500 m x 45 m ) 3-degree glide slope / 200 ft RA

.  Runway uphill or downhill slope:
.  An uphill slope creates an illusion of being too high (impression of a steep glide path); and,
.  A downhill slope creates an illusion of being too low (impression of a shallow glide path).

.  Approach and runway lighting:
.  The approach and runway lighting (including the touchdown zone lighting ) affects the dept perception as a function of:
°. The lighting intensity;
°. The daytime or night time conditions; and,
°. The weather conditions.

Visual Illusions Awareness
Page 3

.  Bright runway-lights create the impression of being closer to the runway (hence on a steeper glide path);
.  Low intensity lights create the impression of being farther away (hence on a shallower glide path);
.  A non-standard spacing of runway lights also modifies the pilot’s perception of the runway distance and glide path; and,
.  If runway lighting is partially visible (e.g., during the downwind leg or during the base leg of a visual or circling approach), the runway may appear being farther away or at a different angle (i.e., the intercept angle is perceived as smaller than actual).

Runway approach aids:
The following runway approach-aids and conditions may increase the crew exposure to visual illusions:
　
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