.  
Maintaining visual contact with runway and other traffic at all times; and,

.  
Performing altitude callouts and excessive-parameters-deviation callouts, as for instrument approaches; and,

.  
Complying with associated go-around policy.

Associated Briefing Notes
The following Briefing Notes provide expanded information on operational aspects and techniques involved in visual approaches:
.  
1.1 - Operating Philosophy - SOPs,

.  
1.2 - Optimum Use of Automation,

.  
1.3 - Operations Golden Rules,

.  
1.4 - Standard Calls,

.  
1.5 - Normal Checklists,

.  
1.6 - Approach and Go-around Briefings,

.  
3.1 - Altimeter Setting – Use of Radio Altimeter,

.  
4.2 - Energy Management during Approach,

.  
5.2 - Terrain ( CFIT ) Awareness,

.
5.3 - Visual Illusions Awareness,

.
7.1 - Flying Stabilized Approaches.

Flying Visual Approaches
Page 5

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE Getting to Grips with Flight Operations Support Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
Regulatory References
.  
ICAO – Annex 4 – Chapter 12 – Visual Approach Charts.

.  
FAA – AC 60-A – Pilot’s Spatial Disorientation.

.  
FAA – AIM – Pilot/Controller Glossary.

.  
FAR 91.175 – Takeoff and landing under IFR – Loss of visual references.

.  
JAR-OPS 1 – Subpart E – 1.435 (a) (8) – Visual approach.

Flying Visual Approaches
Page 6

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE Getting to Grips with
 Flight Operations Support              Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

Introduction
Runway excursions include the following types of events:
.  
Veering off the runway during the landing roll;

or,

.  
Veering off the runway or taxiway when vacating the runway.

Runway overruns define events where the aircraft rollout extends beyond the end of the landing runway.
This Briefing Note provides an overview of the factors involved in runway excursions and runway overruns, and suggests the development of corresponding prevention strategies and lines-of-defense.
Statistical Data
Runway excursions and overruns account for typically 20 % of all approach-and-landing accidents.
% of Events 
Runway excursion  8 % 
Runway overrun  12 % 

Table 1
Runway Excursions and Overruns
Landing overruns represent 80 % of all observed runway overrun events (i.e., including runway overruns following a rejected takeoff).
Runway excursions and runway overruns may occur following all types of approaches:
.  
Visual;

.  
Non-precision; or,

.  
Precision approaches.

Runway excursions and overruns are observed regardless of daytime or nighttime conditions.
Runway excursions and overruns often are associated with one or several of the following weather conditions:
.  
Low visibility or fog;

.  
Heavy rain (i.e., runway contaminated with standing water or runway slippery-when-wet);

.  
Cold weather operation (i.e., runway contaminated with slush or ice); and,

.  
Steady or gusting crosswind or tail wind component.

Runway excursion or overrun events also have been experienced with good weather and dry runway conditions.
Factors Involved in Runway Excursions
Runway excursions often are the result of the following operational factors and circumstances:
　
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