.  
Distractions by cabin crewmembers;

.  
Non-flight-related radio calls; and/or,

.  
Non-essential public-address announcements.

Prevention Strategies and Lines-of-defense
A high level of interaction and communication between flight crewmembers, and between flight crew and cabin crews, constitutes the first line of defense to reduce errors.
The foundations for an effective line of communication and interaction between all flight crewmembers and cabin crewmembers should be embedded in:
.  
Company policies;

.  
SOPs;

.  
CRM training; and,

.  
Leadership role of the pilot in command (commander).

Strict adherence to the following operating policies provides safeguards to minimize disruptions or to lessen their effects:

.  
Sterile Cockpit Rule;

.  
Operations Golden Rules; and,

.  
Standard Calls.

                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

The following lines-of-defense address the three families of cockpit disruptions and, thus, prevent or minimize the interference of competing or preempting tasks:
.  Communications :
.  keep intra-cockpit communications brief clear and concise; and,
.  interrupt conversations when approaching the defined next target or the next altitude restriction / constraint.

.  Head-down work ( FMS programming or chart review ) :
.  define task sharing for FMS programming or reprogramming depending on the level of automation being used and on the flight phase (SOPs);
.  plan long head-down tasks in low-workload periods; and,
.  announce that you are going “head-down”.

.  Responding to an abnormal condition or to an unanticipated situation:
.  keep the AP engaged to decrease workload, unless otherwise required;
.  adhere to PF / PNF task sharing for abnormal / emergency conditions (PNF should maintain situational awareness, monitor and back-up the PF); and,
.  give particular attention to normal checklists, because handling an abnormal condition may disrupt the normal flow of SOPs actions,
SOPs actions and normal checklists are initiated based on events (triggers); in case of disruption these events may go unnoticed and the absence of the usual trigger may be interpreted incorrectly as action complete or checklist complete.

The above lines of defense minimize the flight crew exposure to disruptions caused by interruptions and distractions.

Intra-Cockpit Communications – Managing Interruptions and Distractions in Cockpit
Page 4

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