Introduction
Until controller / pilot data link communication (CPDLC) comes into widespread use, air traffic control (ATC) will depend upon voice communications that are affected by various factors.
Communications between controllers and pilots can be improved by the mutual understanding of each other’s operating environment.
This Approach-and-Landing Briefing Note provides an overview of various factors that may affect pilot / controller communications.
This Briefing Note may be used to develop a company awareness program for enhancing flight pilot / controller communications.
Statistical Data
Incorrect or incomplete pilot / controller communications is a causal or circumstantial factor in many approach-and-landing events.
Incorrect or inadequate:
.
ATC instructions (such as radar vectors);

.
Weather or traffic information; and/or,

.
Advice/service in case of emergency,

are causal factors in more than 30 % of approach-and-landing accidents.
Remark
Although pilot / controller communications are not limited to the issuance and acknowledgement of clearances, this Briefing Note refers primarily to clearances because this provides a convenient example to illustrate most discussion topics.
Pilot / Controller Responsibilities
The responsibilities of the pilot and controller intentionally overlap in many areas to provide redundancy.
This shared responsibility is intended to compensate for failures that might affect safety.
The Pilot / Controller Communication Loop
The pilot / controller communication loop supports the safety and redundancy of pilot / controller communications ( Figure 1 ).
The pilot / controller communication loop constitutes a confirmation / correction process that ensures the integrity of communications.
Whenever adverse factors are likely to affect communications, strict adherence to this closed loop constitutes a line-of-defense against communication errors.
Effective Pilot / Controller Communications
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    Flight Operations Support                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

Acknowledge or Transmit Correct

Listen

Listen  Transmit

Figure 1
The Pilot / Controller Communication Loop

Achieving Effective Communications: Obstacles and Lessons Learned
Pilots and controllers are involved equally in the air traffic management system.
Achieving effective radio communications involves many factors that should not be considered in isolation.
Many factors are closely interrelated, and more than one cause usually is involved in a breakdown of the communication loop.
The following provides an overview and discussion of factors involved in effective pilot / controller communications
　
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