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Related prevention strategies;

Human Factors in Approach and Landing Accidents
Page 4

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
    Flight Operations Support

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Robust standard operating procedures;

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Effective CRM practices; and,

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Personal lines-of-defense.

Associated Briefing Notes
The following Briefing Notes can be referred to as a complement to the above information, to amplify or expend a specific aspect, as desired:
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1.1 – Operating Philosophy - SOPs,

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1.3 - Operations Golden Rules,

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1.4 - Standard Calls,

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1.5 - Use of Normal Checklists,

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1.6 – Approach and Go-around Briefings,

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2.2 - CRM Issues in Approach and Landing        Accidents,

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2.3 - Effective ATC/Crew Communications,

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2.4 - Intra-cockpit Communications –        Managing Interruptions and         Distractions in the Cockpit,

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3.1 - Altimeter Setting – Use of radio       Altimeter,

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3.2 - Altitude Deviations,

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7.1 - Flying Stabilized Approaches,

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8.1 - Preventing Runway Excursions and          Overruns.

                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

Regulatory References
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ICAO – Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft, Part I – International Commercial Air Transport – Aeroplanes, Appendix 2, 15.

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ICAO – Procedures for Air navigation Services – Aircraft operations (PANS-OPS, Doc 8168), Volume I – Flight Procedures (Post Amendment No 11, applicable Nov.1/2001).

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ICAO – Accident Prevention Manual (Doc 9422).

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ICAO – Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683).

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ICAO – Human Factors Digest No 8 – Human Factors in Air Traffic Control (Circular 241).

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FAR 121.406, 121.419, 121.421 or 121.422 -CRM Training for pilots, flight attendants and aircraft dispatchers.

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JAR-OPS 1.945, 1.955 or 1.965 -CRM Training.

Human Factors in Approach and Landing Accidents
Page 5

Introduction
Approach-and-landing accidents involve the entire range of CRM and Human Factors issues. The following discussion is a focused but limited overview of this broad subject.
The minimum content of CRM training is defined by regulations and airlines should consider additional CRM training to account for specific requirements, such as multi-cultural flight crews and different areas of operation.
Statistical data
CRM issues have been identified as circumstantial factors in more than 70 % of approach-and-landing incidents or accidents.
　
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