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the Agency have played an essential role in this
respect.
It also reports on ongoing issues relating to delays
caused by a mismatch between runway and ATM
capacity at major airports.
FLIGHT EFFICIENCY AND
THE ENVIRONMENT
The PRR 8 report, published in 2005, identified
flight efficiency as a major issue and estimated
that horizontal en-route inefficiencies added
approximately €1 billion per annum to airspace
users’ costs. The PRC has found that inefficiencies
are mostly caused by the strategic design and use
of airspace, and partly alleviated by the flexible
use of airspace.
The environmental impact of ATM is addressed
indirectly through flight efficiency, since unnecessary
emissions are directly related to flight inefficiencies.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS
The PRC has published its ATM Cost-Effectiveness
(ACE) benchmarking report covering the year
2004. ACE reports are acknowledged worldwide
and used by a wide range of stakeholders as reference
documents concerning ATM cost-effectiveness.
Unit costs in Europe were found to be nearly twice
as high as in the USA in 2004 (92% higher). From
2002 to 2004, productivity increased (+7%), costs
for air traffic controllers rose (+18%) and support
costs decreased (-12%), which resulted in an overall
reduction in real unit costs of 2.2% over two
years. The PRC had advocated an improvement of
3% every year.
Low average productivity and fragmentation were
confirmed as being two major factors in the relatively
low cost-effectiveness of the European ATM
network. In 2006, a study commissioned by the
PRC estimated that the cost of ATM/CNS fragmentation
was in the order of €1 billion per annum.
Traffic complexity is an important factor in assessing
the economic performance of ATM. In 2005,
the PRU and a team of national experts developed
and agreed on a set of complexity indicators which
forms a sound basis for future benchmarking work.
18
THE CIVIL/MILITARY INTERFACE
STANDING COMMITTEE (CMIC)
In 2005, the CMIC, with the support of its militaryonly
sub-group the MILHAG, discussed and issued
advice on the future ATM security strategy and related
working arrangements.
Furthermore, it agreed the Mode S transition
arrangements.
In living up to its advisory role, the CMIC has
screened all developments related to DMEAN, the
Dynamic Management of the European Airspace
Network programme, and the Single European Sky
and has provided a forum for information exchange.
THE MILITARY UNIT
In the course of 2005, the Military Unit (DG/MIL)
concentrated its efforts on DMEAN, the Single
European Sky mandates, security-related issues
and actions supporting the military regulatory
authorities, with a view to promoting and ensuring a
more flexible use of airspace.
Safety
With the support of the States participating in the
Military Team (a body composed of Agency staff
and senior military experts from the Member
States) and after the completion of an initial safety
assessment, the Military Unit finalised a set of
specifications for the use of Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAVs) flying as Operational Air Traffic
Civil and military cooperation is an essential component
of air traffic management (ATM). EUROCONTROL,
as an experienced, intergovernmental,
civil-military, ATM organisation, provides a unique
civil-military interface within which airspace can be
effectively organised and managed, meeting the
needs of both civil and military users in Europe.
In the early 1990s, the existing civil ATS route
structures were stretched almost to capacity. The
obvious solution was to open up airspace
designed for military use to both civil and military
airspace users. This development required greater
civil/military coordination.
EUROCONTROL responded by establishing the
Civil/Military Interface Standing Committee (CMIC)
and the Military Unit. The CMIC, an advisory body
to the EUROCONTROL Council, helps enhance
civil-military cooperation and coordination and
facilitates the Organisation’s decision-making on
civil-military issues.
Its main role is to monitor ATM/CNS developments
in the area of ECAC (the European Civil Aviation
Conference) and advise the Council on issues
affecting military responsibilities.
The CMIC has established the Military
Harmonisation Group (MILHAG), a military-only
forum, to harmonise strategic military positions on
ATM issues.
Civil and military cooperation
19
(OAT) outside segregated airspace. After initial
　
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本文鏈接地址：EUROCONTROL Annual Report 2005(7)