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maintain an efficient flow of air traffic with adequate
separation between aircraft.
3.3.3 Clearances issued by air traffic control units shall
provide separation:
a) between all flights in airspace Classes A and B;
b) between IFR flights in airspace Classes C, D and E;
c) between IFR flights and VFR flights in airspace Class C;
d) between IFR flights and special VFR flights;
e) between special VFR flights when so prescribed by the
appropriate ATS authority,
except that, when requested by an aircraft and if so prescribed
by the appropriate ATS authority for the cases listed under b)
above in airspace Classes D and E, a flight may be cleared
without separation being so provided in respect of a specific
portion of the flight conducted in visual meteorological
conditions.
3.3.4 Separation by an air traffic control unit shall be
obtained by at least one of the following:
a) vertical separation, obtained by assigning different levels
selected from:
Annex 11 — Air Traffic Services Chapter 3
1/11/01 3-2
1) the tables of cruising levels in Appendix 3 of Annex 2,
or
2) a modified table of cruising levels, when so prescribed
in accordance with Appendix 3 of Annex 2
for flight above FL 410,
except that the correlation of levels to track as
prescribed therein shall not apply whenever otherwise
indicated in appropriate aeronautical information publications
or air traffic control clearances;
Note.— Guidance material relating to vertical separation
is contained in the Manual on Implementation of
a 300 m (1 000 ft) Vertical Separation Minimum
Between FL 290 and FL 410 Inclusive (Doc 9574).
b) horizontal separation, obtained by providing:
1) longitudinal separation, by maintaining an interval
between aircraft operating along the same, converging
or reciprocal tracks, expressed in time or
distance; or
2) lateral separation, by maintaining aircraft on different
routes or in different geographical areas;
c) composite separation, consisting of a combination of
vertical separation and one of the other forms of
separation contained in b) above, using minima for each
which may be lower than, but not less than half of, those
used for each of the combined elements when applied
individually. Composite separation shall only be applied
on the basis of regional air navigation agreements.
Note.— Guidance material relating to the implementation
of composite lateral/vertical separation is contained in the Air
Traffic Services Planning Manual (Doc 9426).
3.4 Separation minima
3.4.1 The selection of separation minima for application
within a given portion of airspace shall be as follows:
a) the separation minima shall be selected from those
prescribed by the provisions of the PANS-ATM and the
Regional Supplementary Procedures as applicable under
the prevailing circumstances except that, where types of
aids are used or circumstances prevail which are not
covered by current ICAO provisions, other separation
minima shall be established as necessary by:
1) the appropriate ATS authority, following consultation
with operators, for routes or portions of routes
contained within the sovereign airspace of a State;
2) regional air navigation agreements for routes or
portions of routes contained within airspace over the
high seas or over areas of undetermined sovereignty.
Note.— Details of current separation minima
prescribed by ICAO are contained in the PANS-ATM
(Doc 4444) and Part 1 of the Regional Supplementary
Procedures (Doc 7030).
b) the selection of separation minima shall be made in
consultation between the appropriate ATS authorities
responsible for the provision of air traffic services in
neighbouring airspace when:
1) traffic will pass from one into the other of the
neighbouring airspaces;
2) routes are closer to the common boundary of the
neighbouring airspaces than the separation minima
applicable in the circumstances.
Note.— The purpose of this provision is to ensure, in the
first case, compatibility on both sides of the line of transfer of
traffic, and, in the other case, adequate separation between
aircraft operating on both sides of the common boundary.
3.4.2 Details of the selected separation minima and of
their areas of application shall be notified:
a) to the ATS units concerned; and
b) to pilots and operators through aeronautical information
publications, where separation is based on the use by
aircraft of specified navigation aids or specified navigation
techniques.
3.5 Responsibility for control
　
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