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will assist accurate navigation along the route segments. The
establishment of change-over points should be limited to route
segments of 110 km (60 NM) or more, except where the
complexity of ATS routes, the density of navigation aids or
other technical and operational reasons warrant the establishment
of change-over points on shorter route segments.
2.12.2 Recommendation.— Unless otherwise established
in relation to the performance of the navigation aids or
frequency protection criteria, the change-over point on a route
segment should be the mid-point between the facilities in the
case of a straight route segment or the intersection of radials
in the case of a route segment which changes direction
between the facilities.
Note.— Guidance on the establishment of change-over
points is contained in Attachment A.
Annex 11 — Air Traffic Services Chapter 2
1/11/01 2-6
2.13 Establishment and identification of
significant points
2.13.1 Significant points shall be established for the
purpose of defining an ATS route and/or in relation to the
requirements of air traffic services for information regarding
the progress of aircraft in flight.
2.13.2 Significant points shall be identified by designators.
2.13.3 Significant points shall be established and
identified in accordance with the principles set forth in
Appendix 2.
2.14 Establishment and identification of
standard routes for taxiing aircraft
2.14.1 Recommendation.— Where necessary, standard
routes for taxiing aircraft should be established on an aerodrome
between runways, aprons and maintenance areas. Such
routes should be direct, simple and where practicable,
designed to avoid traffic conflicts.
2.14.2 Recommendation.— Standard routes for taxiing
aircraft should be identified by designators distinctively
different from those of the runways and ATS routes.
2.15 Coordination between the operator
and air traffic services
2.15.1 Air traffic services units, in carrying out their
objectives, shall have due regard for the requirements of the
operators consequent on their obligations as specified in
Annex 6, and, if so required by the operators, shall make
available to them or their designated representatives such
information as may be available to enable them or their
designated representatives to carry out their responsibilities.
2.15.2 When so requested by an operator, messages
(including position reports) received by air traffic services
units and relating to the operation of the aircraft for which
operational control service is provided by that operator shall,
so far as practicable, be made available immediately to the
operator or a designated representative in accordance with
locally agreed procedures.
2.16 Coordination between military authorities
and air traffic services
2.16.1 Air traffic services authorities shall establish and
maintain close cooperation with military authorities responsible
for activities that may affect flights of civil aircraft.
2.16.2 Coordination of activities potentially hazardous to
civil aircraft shall be effected in accordance with 2.17.
2.16.3 Arrangements shall be made to permit information
relevant to the safe and expeditious conduct of flights of civil
aircraft to be promptly exchanged between air traffic services
units and appropriate military units.
2.16.3.1 Air traffic services units shall, either routinely or
on request, in accordance with locally agreed procedures,
provide appropriate military units with pertinent flight plan
and other data concerning flights of civil aircraft. In order to
eliminate or reduce the need for interceptions, air traffic services
authorities shall designate any areas or routes where the
requirements of Annex 2 concerning flight plans, two-way
communications and position reporting apply to all flights to
ensure that all pertinent data is available in appropriate air
traffic services units specifically for the purpose of facilitating
identification of civil aircraft.
2.16.3.2 Special procedures shall be established in order
to ensure that:
a) air traffic services units are notified if a military unit
observes that an aircraft which is, or might be, a civil
aircraft is approaching, or has entered, any area in which
interception might become necessary;
b) all possible efforts are made to confirm the identity of
the aircraft and to provide it with the navigational
guidance necessary to avoid the need for interception.
2.17 Coordination of activities potentially
hazardous to civil aircraft
2.17.1 The arrangements for activities potentially hazardous
　
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