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model) to describe the weather where
their observations are made.
Here is a decode:
N Total cloud
dd True wind direction
ff Wind speed in knots
VV Visibility in miles
ww Present weather
W Past weather
PPP Pressure in mb
TT Air temperature
Nh Sky covered by low or middle
cloud
CL Low cloud
h Cloudbase
CM Middle cloud
CH High cloud
TdTd Dewpoint
a Barograph trend
pp Pressure change in last 3 hours
RR Precipitation
Rt Time precipitation began or
ended
In the example below, the dark circle
below means the sky is covered with
cloud (it would have white and black
quadrants otherwise):
The temperature is 22°C, and the
dewpoint 16°C. The wind is from
the East at 15 kts – if the wind is
calm, there will be a second circle
around the first. The visibility is 10
sm in rain. The middle cloud is 3/10
Alto-Cu at 10,000 feet. Low cloud is
5/10 Cumulus at 4,000. The sea level
pressure is 1009.6 and the trend over
the last 3 hours is a steady increase
of 1.6 mb.
Front Passage
You can tell the position of fronts
between stations just by looking at
the station circles. These items will
change as a front goes by:
·  Wind veers (marked clockwise
change in direction of the
arrows).
·  Pressure drops as fronts
approach, steadying after a
warm front and rising after a
cold front.
·  Temperature changes according
to the type of front.
Weather 111
·  Weather will start with
moderate continuous rain
ahead of the warm front to
drizzle in the warm sector,
followed by heavier
intermittent or continuous
precipitation at the cold front,
then nil (or showers)
afterwards.
·  Clouds follow the pattern in
the diagram on the previous
page.
·  Visibility improves markedly
behind the cold front.
So, if somebody asked you to give
reasons why you would suspect a
front in any position on a map, you
would check the above elements.
Some Questions
1.Complete the following table:
PA Deviation OAT
FL 100 -5°C
FL 125 ISA -3°C
ISA +3°C -38°C
FL 310 -52°C
FL 80 ISA +15°C
ISA -8°C -21°C
2. At FL 100, what is your clearance
over high ground of 5880 feet amsl,
assuming 1 mb = 30 feet and an
altimeter setting of 989 mb?
3. You are flying at 2500 feet near an
airfield on an altimeter setting of
29.38". What is your separation from
an aircraft flying overhead at FL 35?
4. If you are flying in the Northern
Hemisphere, how is your true
altitude changing when:
·  flying over land at 2000 feet,
into a headwind.
·  flying over the sea at 500 feet
with a tailwind.
5. If the wind at 1000 feet at an
aerodrome is 360° and 15 kts, what
is it likely to be at the surface?
6. If you were heading for a coastal
aerodrome with a sea breeze blowing
from the South, and the ETA was in
the late afternoon, would you expect
to land on runway 36, 18 or 21?
7. Flying towards a warm front
above the freezing level, you
encounter rain. What sort of icing
are you most likely to get?
8. Your destination has fog in the
early morning, with hardly any wind.
If the wind increases to 10 kts, what
can you expect when you arrive?
9. A TAF time group of 0220 means
what?
10. A weather report for 0500 in the
Autumn gives a surface wind of 5
kts, temperature of 9°C, dewpoint of
8°C and 1500m visibility, with no
cloud reported. If you arrive at 0600,
what weather can you expect?
11. What do these parts of a TAF
mean?
0615 15030G401200 BR
12. And these?
TEMPO 1420 8000 SHRA
PROB30 TEMPO 1415 5000
13. On a calm, clear evening, the
METAR for the destination contains
the figures 04/03. What can you
expect on arrival?
112 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
Some Answers
1. ISA 0°C, -13°C, FL 280, ISA -
5°C, +14°C, FL 140.
2. The difference between the
altimeter setting and 1013.2 mb
(29.92") is 24 mb, a difference of 720
feet, so the PA of the high ground is
6600 feet. Subtract this from 10,000
feet for 3400 feet clearance.
3. 29.38 from 29. 92 is .54, or 540
feet, so the PA of your aircraft is
3040 feet. The separation is
therefore 460 feet.
4. The answers in order:
　
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