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process may take as little as half an
hour with Avgas. As a result, there is
always water suspended in jet fuel,
which must be kept within strict
limits, hence two filtration stages, for
solids and water. The latter doesn’t
burn, of course, and can freeze, but
it’s the fungi that gather round the
interface between it and the fuel that
is the real problem – it turns into a
dark-coloured slime which clings to
tank walls and supporting structures,
which not only alters the fuel
chemically, but will block filters as
well. Not much water is required for
this – trace elements are enough,
although, in reduced temperatures,
dissolved water will escape as free
water, and look like fog. Aviation
fuel is “clean” if a one-quart sample
is clear of sediment when viewed
through a clean, dry, clear glass
container, and looks clear and bright.
Note: It has been found that when
visible water is present in jet fuel
containing anti-icing additive, the
additive will separate from the fuel
and be attracted to the water. After a
certain amount, thought to be about
15%, the density of the new liquid
changes so much that it is not
identified as water, and will therefore
pass through water filters, and will
not be detected by water finding
paste. Where the ratio becomes 50%,
as much as 10% of whatever is going
through the filter could actually be
water, which is very likely to get to
the engine, since the filters on the
airframe itself are not as restrictive.
Aircraft parked overnight should
ideally have tanks completely filled
to stop condensation.
An unofficial, but excellent (if not
better) substitute for water paste or
detectors when using jet fuel is food
colouring, which you can at least get
in the local grocery store, even if
170 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
you're in Baffin Island. All you need
is one drop – if there is no water
present, it will disperse evenly over
the surface. If there is water, the
food colouring will go directly to the
water droplets, which will be more
visible anyway from the colour.
Each day before flying, and when
the fuel is settled, carry out a water
check in aircraft and containers (but
see below, for drums). Collect
samples in a transparent container
and check for sediment, free water
or cloudiness—if there is only one
liquid, ensure it is not all water. The
instructions for using water
detectors are displayed on the
containers, but water-finding paste
will not detect suspended water, and
is as an additional test, not a
replacement for a proper inspection.
Naturally, only competent and
authorised personnel should operate
fuelling equipment, who must also
be fully briefed by their Company. In
practice, of course, refuellers know
very well what they're doing, but you
should still be in full communication
with them. In general, the following
precautions should be taken:
·  Documentation must reflect the
fuel’s origins and its correct
handling.
·  Vehicles used for transportation
must be roadworthy and
regularly inspected.
·  Fire extinguishing equipment
must be available and crews
familiar with its use.
·  Maintain a clear exit path for
removal of equipment in
emergency.
·  The aircraft, fuelling vehicle,
hose nozzle, filters or anything
else through which fuel passes
should be electrically bonded
before the fuel cap is removed.
·  Don't refuel within 100 feet of
radar equipment that is
operating. Only essential
switches should be operated,
with radio silence observed
during fuelling.
·  Avoid fuelling during electrical
storms, and don't use bulbs or
electronic flash equipment
within the fuelling zone. Nonessential
engines should not be
run, but if any already running
are stopped, they should not be
restarted until fuel has ceased
flowing and there is no risk of
igniting vapours.
·  Brakes or chocks should be
applied, but some places require
brakes off when near fixed
installations.
·  Take out rescue and survival
equipment so if the thing blows
up you have something to hand.
Most important is daily checking,
before flying. Spilt fuel should be
neutralised - move the aircraft or
wait for it to evaporate before
starting engines again.
　
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