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passengers, and you are an instructor.
Neither do you need a foreign AOC
(see 701.01/721.01) for an overflight
of or a technical landing in Canada
(unless you want to do something
weird, like takeoff or land below
limits), or you are in a foreign state
aircraft, that is, a civil aircraft owned
by and exclusively used in the service
of a government. You do, however,
need a flight authorisation, which must
include certain minimum
information. If you want a foreign
AOC, you must also hold one in
your own state, and perform the
same services in both places.
Private Pilots
·  As a PPL holder, you may only
take money (or the equivalent)
to act as the pilot of aeroplanes
or helicopters if:
·  you own or operate the aircraft
and the flight is for purposes
other than hire or reward, that
is, passengers are only carried
incidentally. Only the passengers
may share costs for fuel, oil and
fees against the aircraft.
·  you are employed full-time for
another (i.e. not flying) purpose,
or you are a volunteer for a
charitable, not-for-profit or
public security organization and
the flying is incidental. If you
own the aircraft, you must be
paid at a rate based on distance
travelled or hours flown, up to
DOCs and fees charged against
the aircraft. If you rent it, you
can include the rental costs.
Crew Members At Controls
If you ever have to leave the
controls of a helicopter with the
engine running, do not switch the
hydraulics off, but use the control
locks only, in case the controls
motor by themselves.
Right of Way—602.19
To make life easier, there are rules
about how aircraft should be flown
when mixing with other traffic. Even
when you have right of way, you
must take any necessary action to
avoid collision. Another aircraft with
an emergency gains priority over
192 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
you. If you must give way, you must
not pass over or under, or cross
ahead of, the other aircraft unless
you are far enough away not to
create a risk of collision.
When two aircraft are converging at
approximately the same altitude, the
one coming from the right has the
right-of-way, except that:
·  power-driven, heavier-than-air
aircraft give way to airships,
gliders and balloons
·  airships give way to gliders and
balloons
·  gliders give way to balloons
·  power-driven aircraft give way
to aircraft that are towing or
carrying a slung load.
When two balloons are converging
at different altitudes, the higher one
must give way.
If you are approaching another
aircraft head-on, and there is a risk
of collision, you must both alter
heading to the right.
An aircraft being overtaken has the
right of way and, if you are
overtaking, whether climbing,
descending or level, you must alter
heading to the right, until you have
entirely passed and are clear.
You must give way to an aircraft that
is landing or about to land, whether
you are on the ground or in the air.
If landing, you must give way to
lower aircraft that are also landing.
Such aircraft must not overtake or
cut in front of you.
There must be no apparent risk of
collision with any aircraft, person,
vessel, vehicle or structure in your
take-off or landing path.
Aircraft Manoeuvring on Water - 602.20
Aircraft or vessels coming from the
right have the right-of-way.
If you are approaching another
aircraft or vessel head-on, you must
alter heading to the right.
Aircraft or vessels being overtaken
have the right of way, and overtakers
must alter heading enough to keep
well clear.
Aerodromes & Airports
An aerodrome is generally any place
for landing aircraft that fits the
official definition, which is, broadly,
being set apart for the purpose, and
includes any necessary buildings. An
airport is an aerodrome with an
aviation document in force, so it has to
meet a higher level of safety. It
would typically be used for
passenger-carrying commercial
flights, for example. It is also
required for those in built-up areas.
Full details of handy places to land,
including heliports (see below) are in
the Canada Flight Supplement, or CFS,
which you must have a good
knowledge of for your commercial
ride. An aerodrome or airport listed
in it that does not need previous
　
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