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switch off for a while on a long
navex. Monitor the fuel gauges,
check for traffic and engine-off
landing sites, all the time.
·  Distraction - anything that stops
you noticing a problem, for
example, slowly backing into
trees while releasing a cargo net.
Keep pulling back from the
situation to reaffirm you
awareness of the big picture.
·  Peer Pressure - we all like to be
liked, whether by people inside
or outside your own company.
Do they want you to fly
overweight? Or fly in darkness,
even though they are late back?
Being too keen to please is part
of a self-esteem problem,
another aspect of allowing
yourself to be put upon.
·  Insufficient Knowledge - although
you can look the regulations up
in a book, this is not always the
most convenient solution, so
you need a working knowledge
264 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
of what they contain, including
checklists and limitations from
the flight manual, etc. We don't
all have the luxury of an aircraft
library, or have the time to refer
to it if there was one.
·  Unawareness of Consequences - this
is an aspect of insufficient
knowledge, above. What are the
consequences of what you
propose to do? Have you
thought things out thoroughly?.
·  Forgetfulness of Consequences -
similar to the above.
·  Ignoring the Consequences - again,
similar to the above, but more
of a deliberate act, since you are
aware of the consequences of
your proposed actions, but
choose to ignore them.
·  Overconfidence - this breeds
carelessness, and a reluctance to
pay attention to detail or be
vigilant. Also, it inclines you to
be hasty, and not consider all
the options available to you.
This is where a little selfknowledge
and humility is a
great help.
Human Error
Human error can be present at four
levels – unsafe acts (errors &
violations), predispositions to unsafe
acts, unsafe or inadequate
supervision and organisational
influences.
Habits
These are part of our lives; many are
comforting and part of a reassuring
routine that keeps us mentally the
right way up. Others, however, are
ones we could well do without, but
the trouble is that they can be very
difficult to break, because the person
trying to break them is the very
person trapped by them. We learn
habits as children, simply in order to
survive. Despite our true nature, we
quickly find out that if we want
food, attention or "strokes", as the
Americans say, we have to behave in
certain ways, depending on the
nature of our parents; in some
families getting noticed demands
entirely different behaviour than in
others, mostly opposite to what we
really are, which is one source of
stress. In certain circumstances,
habits can be dangerous - if you can't
do anything about them, we need at
least to be aware of them.
Training is all very well, but don't let
it limit your thinking. Also, don't
confuse stereotyping with probability.
You can always accept a probability
that certain actions will solve a
similar problem to one you've had
before, but stereotyping implies that
the same actions work every time.
Attitudes
Flying requires considerable use of
the brain, with observation and/or
reaction to events, both inside and
outside the aircraft. Psychology and
aviation have been used to each
other for some time; you may be
familiar with selection tests and
interviews. Part of why accidents
happen is that some people are
accidents waiting to happen! This
depends on personality, amongst
other things, and we will look at this
shortly. However, personality is not
the only factor to be aware of on the
flight deck. Status, Role and Ability are
also important. Having two Captains
on board, with neither sure of who's
in charge can be a real problem!
Human Factors 265
Either they will be scoring points off
each other, or be too gentlemanly,
allowing an accident to happen while
each says "after you". How do you
sort out the mess if you have
someone in the left seat who is a
First Officer pretending to be a
Captain, and someone in the other
seat who is a Captain pretending to
be a First Officer?
What type of person is a pilot?
Having decided what product we are
selling (safe arrival), we can now talk
　
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