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memory is really limited in its
holding capacity, read out the
following 15 words to a few
people, taking one or two
seconds per word, and get them
to write down as may of them
afterwards as they can
remember. Most people will get
7 of them, and some (around
55%) will include sleep, even
though it wasn't there in the
first place, proof that we
sometimes hear what we want
to hear, and that eyewitness
testimony can be suspect, which
is why the test was developed in
the first place (by Washington
University in St Louis). The
words are: bed, rest, awake,
tired, dream, snooze, wake,
blanket, doze, slumber, snore,
nap, peace, yawn, drowsy.
·  Long Term Memory, where all our
basic knowledge (e.g. memories
of childhood, training, etc.) is
kept – you might liken it to the
unconscious. Where training is
concerned, many processes can
be carried out automatically,
with little thinking. Repetition is
used to get information into it.
It is subdivided into semantic
memory, based on things learnt
through rule-based learning (see
above), and episodic, from
specific events, for knowledgebased
behaviour. Simple
repetition (without meaning) is
not effective for transferring
items from short-term to longterm
memory – there must be
some sort of link, or emotion.
There are also two types of thinking:
·  Left brain, or logical. This
involves verbal and
mathematical methods. It
typically uses simple deduction;
for example, define what the
problem is NOT until you can
decide what it must be.
·  Right Brain—conceptual. The
artist type.
Responses
Following a decision, based on a
stimulus, there is a response.
However, a response due to
excessive pressure is more likely to
be based on insufficient data and be
wrong than a more considered one,
assuming time permits. Don't change
a plan unnecessarily; a previously
made one based on sound thinking
is more likely to work than one
cooked up on the spur of the
moment, provided, of course that
the situation is the same or similar. A
correct, rather than rapid reaction is
appropriate.
Response times will vary according
to the complexity of the problem, or
the element of expectation and
244 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
hence preparedness (we are trained
to expect engine failures, for
example, but not locked controls, so
the reaction time to the former will
be less). Pushing a button as a
response to a light illuminating will
take about 1/5 th of a second, but
add another light and button and
this will increase to a second or so.
An unexpected stimulus will increase
reaction time to nearly 5 seconds.
There is a time delay between
perceiving information and
responding to it – typically 3.4
seconds. The reason we don’t take
this long to answer people in normal
conversation is because we are
anticipating what they are going to
say, which could lead to
misinterpretation if you don't have
body language to help, as with the
radio.
The workload in the cockpit should
be moderate; we get tired when
bored, and performance is poor.
Similarly, performance will be poor
when you're too busy, due to
swamping. There is some concern
over too much automation across
the Atlantic, as pilots do not have
enough to do. Perhaps they should
have in-flight video as well!
Human Factors
The idea behind this section is to
generate countermeasures against
anything that may affect your
decision-making capabilities.
Physical
These are the influences that your
body is subjected to.
The Environment
The conditions under which an
aircraft is operated. You may be
remote, in a busy area, or just bl**dy
cold.
You can feel cooler because
moisture is evaporating from your
skin at an advanced rate in dry air -
humidity would normally need to be
60% at 18°C for comfort. As far as
temperature goes, the human body
operates comfortably in a range
between 18-24°C.
Time
Pressure from customers and
employers to keep to deadlines.
Air Quality
Not only can haze or mist reduce
visibility, but it can also irritating, or
smelly, or deadly (carbon monoxide).
CO is a colourless, odourless gas
which has a half life of about six
hours at sea level pressures, so a
quarter is present after 12 hours. It
　
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