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IFR/CVFR below 18,000 feet
2,000 feet separation, as follows:
000-179° 180-369°
Odd levels (3,000,
5,000 etc)
Even levels (4,000,
6,000, etc)
Air Law 211
Exceptions in CFS do not apply to
VFR flights.
High level airspace may be
structured for one-way traffic at
certain times, and non-appropriate
levels will be used.
Minimum Altitudes
VFR
Unless taking off, approaching or
landing as described in 602.12, or as
permitted under 602.15, you may not
overfly a built-up area or open-air
assembly of people, unless you are
high enough to land without creating
a hazard to people or property on
the surface and, in any case, at least
1,000 feet above the highest obstacle
within 2,000 feet from an aeroplane,
500 feet above the highest obstacle
within 500 feet from a balloon, or
1,000 feet above the highest obstacle
within 500 feet of anything else.
Otherwise, you may not fly closer
than 500 feet to any person, vessel,
vehicle or structure.
For sections 602.13, 14 and 15, you
are "overhead" within 500 feet
horizontally from a helicopter or
balloon, or 2,000 feet otherwise.
Balloons must have enough fuel to
fly clear of the built-up area, allowing
for variations in take-off Weight,
temperature and actual and forecast
winds. If the area is inside Class C
airspace, you must get clearance
before taking off.
You may take-off from such a place
in a balloon with permission from
the owner of the launch site, there is
no special aviation event being held,
the local authorities don’t object, the
diameter of the site is at least 100
feet or the greatest dimension of the
balloon plus 25%, whichever is the
larger, and the take-off point is
upwind of the highest obstacle in the
take-off path by its height, and you
can maintain a positive rate of climb
to at least 500' above the highest
obstacle within 500', or, where the
flight path is directly over residential
or commercial buildings, or an openair
assembly of people, using the
maximum safe rate of climb.
You can land in a balloon to avoid
endangering people on board, but
you must tell ATC, before or as
soon as possible afterwards, with the
time, registration, location and
reasons.
See also 602.16 and 18.
You may not fly over an aerodrome
below 2,000 feet.
In Class B airspace, you must be on
a CVFR flight plan, meaning that
you are under IFR, but in VMC.
In Class C TCAs, check out the CFS
and/or VTA chart. To establish
initial contact, give your type and
identification, your position relative
to a published callup point, altitude,
destination and route, transponder
and ATIS codes.
Watch out for Fur Farms, which have
chrome yellow and black stripes
painted on roofs or pylons, although
that's a little difficult on pipeline or
powerline survey and they just
appear out of the blue, so to speak.
Also, overfly herds of caribou and
other wild animals at over 2,000 feet.
The term for holding with VFR
aircraft is orbiting, which will be done
over a known location. You are
responsible for obstacle clearance.
212 Canadian Private Pilot Studies
Allowance for Wind Speed
Within 20 nm of ground over 2000
ft amsl, increase MOCA/MORA by:
Elevation
(feet)
0–30
Kts
31–50
Kts
51–70
Kts
+ 70
Kts
2–8000 + 500’ +1,000’ +1500’ +2000’
+ 8000 +1,000’ +1500’ +2000’ +2500’
This is because the venturi effect
over a ridge makes the altimeter
misread, as well as causing
turbulence and standing waves. A
combination of all this, plus
temperature errors (see below), can
make an altimeter overread by as
much as 3000 feet.
Temperature Correction
When the surface temperature is well
below ISA, correct MSAs by:
Surface Temp (ISA) Correction
–16°C to –30°C + 10%
–31°C to –50°C + 20%
–51°C or below + 25%
Visual Flight Rules – 602.114
Although the airspace you fly in
comes in six varieties (see below), it
is essentially split into two types,
controlled or uncontrolled. As the names
imply, in the first you do as you're
told (by Air Traffic Control), and in
the second, you are responsible for
the safe conduct of the flight, which
means avoiding obstacles and other
aircraft, which you can only do if
　
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