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Domain knowledge;

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Formal training in applicable aspects of human factors or non-technical skills (e.g. Crew Resource Management);

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Formal training in the use and limitations of performance rating systems;

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Formal training in the use of the specific behavioural marker system.

11  What are prerequisites for evaluators using a behavioural marker system? Entry requirements for personnel who will serve as evaluators:
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Commitment to human factor’s principles;

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Domain knowledge;

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Formal training in applicable aspects of Human Factors or non-technical skills (e.g. Crew Resource Management).

12  What are necessary qualifications of evaluators?
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Complete initial training in behavioural marker systems;

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Formal assessment as competent and calibrated following behavioural marker system-training in classroom;

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Calibration in operational environment (e.g. training, simulator, work environment);

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Periodic re-calibration for continuing use of the behavioural marker system.

What should the content of behavioural marker system training be?

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Make explicit goals for use of the behavioural marker system;

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Explain the design of the behavioural marker system, as well as content and guidelines for its use;

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Review main sources of rater biases (e.g. hindsight, halo, recency, primacy) with techniques to be used for minimisation;

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Present the concept of inter-rater reliability and the methods to be used to maximise it;

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Illustrate and define each point of the rating scale and different levels of situational complexity with video examples, discussions, and hands-on exercises;

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Provide practical training with multiple examples;

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Include calibration with iterative feedback on inter-rater reliability score;

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Teach debriefing skills as appropriate;

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Conclude with a formal assessment of rater competence. 14 How should a behavioural marker system training be structured?

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Minimum two consecutive days training;1

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An ideal group size of 8-12 people;

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Training follow-up (e.g. meetings, feedback via telephone) after use of behavioural marker system in operational setting;

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Training ideally utilises video examples from the organisation. 15 What training and calibration materials should be used?

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Videotapes of scenarios with professional sound and visual quality;

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Demonstrating various levels of performance;

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Showing all behavioural markers in scenarios illustrating various environmental conditions and complexity;
　
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