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From a human viewpoint, stress results from the imposition of any demand or set of demands which require us to react, adapt or behave in a particular manner in order to cope with or satisfy them. Up to a point, such demands are stimulating and useful, but if the demands are beyond our personal capacity to deal with them, the resulting stress is a problem.
3.1 Causes and Symptoms
Stress is usually something experienced due to the presence of some form of stressor, which might be a one-off stimulus (such as a challenging problem or a punch on the nose), or an on-going factor (such as an extremely hot hangar or an acrimonious divorce). From these, we get acute stress (typically intense but of short duration) and chronic stress (frequent recurrence or of long duration) respectively.
Different stressors affect different people to varying extents. Stressors may be:
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Physical - such as heat, cold, noise, vibration, presence of something damaging to health (e.g. carbon monoxide), the onset of fatigue;

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Psychological - such as emotional upset (e.g. due to bereavements, domestic problems, etc.), worries about real or imagined problems (e.g. due to financial problems, ill health, etc.);

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Reactive - such as events occurring in everyday life (e.g. working under time pressure, encountering unexpected situations, etc.).

The possible signs of stress can include:

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Physiological symptoms - such as sweating, dryness of the mouth, etc.;

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Health effects - such as nausea, headaches, sleep problems, diarrhoea, ulcers, etc.;

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Behavioural symptoms - such as restlessness, shaking, nervous laughter, taking longer over tasks, changes to appetite, excessive drinking, etc.;

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Cognitive effects - such as poor concentration, indecision, forgetfulness, etc.;

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Subjective effects - such as anxiety, irritability, depression, moodiness, aggression, etc.

It should be noted that individuals respond to stressful situations in very different ways. Generally speaking though, people tend to regard situations with negative consequences as being more stressful than when the outcome of the stress will be positive (e.g. the difference between being made redundant from work and being present at the birth of a son or daughter).

3.2 Domestic Stress
Pre-occupation with a source of domestic stress can play on one’s mind during the working day, distracting from the working task. Inability to concentrate fully may impact on task performance and ability to pay due attention to safety.
Domestic stress typically result from major life changes at home, such as marriage, birth of a child, a son or daughter leaving home, bereavement of a close family member or friend, marital problems, or divorce.

3.3 Work Related Stress
Aviation personnel can experience stress due to the task or job they are undertaking at that moment, or due to the general organisational environment. Stress can be felt when carrying out certain tasks that are particularly challenging or difficult. This stress can be increased by lack of SOPs in this situation, or time pressures. The latter type of stress can be reduced by careful workload management, good training, etc.
　
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