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“The link between A320 nosewheel steering and the Air Data Inertial Reference System (ADIRS) would have been impossible to achieve in previous design generations. Yet, the conceptual advantage -nosewheel steering sensitivity as a function of aircraft speed -is quite straightforward. As with most automation concepts, however, the benefits are often counterbalanced by an increased need for an in-depth operational understanding which may not be intuitive. A pilot experiencing difficulties with nosewheel steering may need to work through the operation of the steering, the ADIRS and their interactions in order to understand and cope with the anomaly. Similarly, the advantage of linking both pressurisation computers with both Flight Management and Guidance Computers (FMGCs) and all three ADIRs on the A320 is that planned and actual flight profiles can be continuously compared for adequate pressurisation control in any phase of flight. However, the pilot is then placed in the position of having to understand the interactive system functioning in order to exercise the ultimate accountability function.”
Training time devoted to aircraft operation with the automated system(s) failed would increase pilot confidence in taking manual control early and effectively.

2.4 Value and applicability of part-task trainers
It must also be remembered that “surface” competence during the normal operation of a new system may well differ considerably from “real” competence which can withstand high stress and high workload. To withstand such pressures, skills need to be overlearned. This is basic knowledge which does not seem to be always applied in practice. In order to obtain the necessary intensive hands-on training, the value and applicability of part-task trainers has been recognised. These devices include a high-fidelity simulation of a particular system (or even the actual piece of equipment) which allows the student to concentrate on it without the extra load and distractions which might be imposed by a full flight simulator. They are less elaborate, and can range from large photographs which emulate the flight deck around the simulated system, to sophisticated desk-top computer-assisted training (CAT) devices. Part-task trainers can be highly cost-effective in developing the skills required for efficient system operation. The major drawback of some of these devices - as presently designed -appears to be a lack of functional realism (e.g. at a given point of any exercise, there may be only one allowed sequence of responses, whereas in the real system much more freedom is available).
The use of home computers to fulfil training requirements and for voluntary self-instruction should be explored. There is potential for misuse here, but there is also a considerable potential for fulfilling the needs and desires of pilots, management and authorities. Although implementation may be a particular challenge, experience indicates that some basic computer literacy (i.e. being comfortable with an alphanumeric keyboard) will make transition to new technology flight decks easier.
　
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