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In order to be effective, team members must be able to talk to each other, listen to each other, share information and be assertive when required. Commanders should take particular responsibility for ensuring that the crew function effectively as a team.
Whilst the emphasis in CRM is primarily upon the cockpit crew, and how they work as a team, it is also important to look at wider team effectiveness, namely the whole flight crew. CRM principles may also extend to situations where ATC, maintenance, company experts, etc., are considered to be part of the team (especially in emergency situations).

2 Communication
Good communication is important in every industry. In aircraft operations, it is vital. Communication, or more often a breakdown in communication, is often cited as a contributor to aviation incidents and accidents. Communication is defined in the Penguin Dictionary of Psychology as: “The transmission of something from one location to another. The ‘thing’ that is transmitted may be a message, a signal, a meaning, etc. In order to have communication both the transmitter and the receiver must share a common code, so that the meaning or information contained in the message may be interpreted without error”.
2.1 Modes of Communication
We are communicating almost constantly, whether consciously or otherwise. We may need to communicate:
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information (e.g. "ATC have instructed us to...");

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feedback/ challenger/ response (e.g. "checked" or "set");

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ideas/ proposals/ counter-proposals (e.g. "I disagree. What about.XX instead?");

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feelings (e.g. "I'm not happy with....").

As the sender of a message, he will typically expect some kind of response from the person he is communicating with (the recipient), which could range from a simple acknowledgement that his message has been received (and hopefully understood), to a considered and detailed reply. The response constitutes feedback.

2.2 Verbal Communication
Verbal communication may be either social or functional/operational. Both serve a useful purpose, the former helping to built teamwork, and the latter being essential to the task of flying an aircraft.
For a spoken or written message to be understood, the sender has to make sure that the receiver:
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is using the same channel of communication;

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recognises and understands his language, including any subtleties;

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is able to make sense of the message’s meaning.

The channel of communication is the medium used to convey the message. For spoken communication, this might be face-to-face, or via the radio or intercom. Written messages might be notes, information keyed in, or tone messages (e.g. between flight deck and cabin crew). Oral/aural communication is the primary mode of communication in an aircraft.
Pilot-ATC communication is a very important area, almost warranting a separate Appendix. However, it is not appropriate to go into too much detail in this document, other than to stress that CRM principles should also apply to pilot-ATC communications (within the restrictions of standard phraseology and air-ground communications procedures) as well as face-to-face communications.
　
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