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Adequate instructor/check pilot training is necessary, and must be emphasised, since some instructors may have only a little more meaningful (i.e. operational) experience and knowledge than the students. A strong case can be made for practical experience input to instructor and student training. The need for more emphasis on behavioural issues (CRM and LOFT training) has also been suggested. Though the Human Factors profession has recognised the problem, the issue of instructor training in relation to automation has not yet been properly addressed, and training specialists have no source to consult for guidance on the question of training for automation. Instructor selection and training continues to be determined by the same time-honoured methods and criteria applied for conventional flight decks, although the training issues are quite different on automated flight decks.

2.15 Role of the regulator
The role of the regulatory authority in the development of training programmes and instructor training must not be overlooked. During the certification process, the regulatory authority evaluates information presented by the manufacturer. These certification data must be delivered to the operator, since it provides the foundation upon which to build the training programmes. By knowing, for example, the manufacturer's design intent, the operator can develop procedures in which tasks can be properly identified. The training programmes thus defined must then be validated based on the same sources of information, closing the manufacturer-regulatory authority-operator loop. Training should be part of the integral system design, and it must be contemplated as part of a systems engineering approach.

References and Useful Additional Reading
a) Mica Endsley's website: www.satechnologies.com.
b) Amalberti, R., and Courville, B. Cockpit Automation. Chapter 10 in: Dédale. Briefings: A Human Factors Course for Pilots - Reference Manual. 1994 (and reissued in 2000). Publishers, Dédale France.
c) Hollnagel, E. Decision making, cognition and automation. Chapter 20 in: Dédale. Briefings: A Human Factors Course for Pilots - Reference Manual. 1994 (and reissued in 2000). Publishers, Dédale France.
d) CAO. Operational Implications of Automation in Advanced Technology Flight Decks. ICAO Human Factors Digest No.5. ICAO Circular 234-AN/142.
e) Amalberti, R.and de Courville, B. Cockpit automation. Chapter 10 of "Briefings: A Human Factors Course for Pilots - Reference Manual". Dédale. 1994 (and reissued in 2000). Publishers, Dédale France.
Appendix 9 Facilitation Skills

Introduction to Facilitation Skills
The following aims to explain why there is a need for facilitation, what facilitation is and some of the skills required to use this training technique, plus some general guidelines.
To be competent in any job a person requires a certain amount of knowledge, an adequate level of skills, and the right set of attitudes. This is true for doctors, hotel receptionists, lawyers, footballers, soldiers, artists and of course flight crew. The role of a trainer in any discipline is to help people develop their knowledge, their skills and their attitudes so that they are able to do their jobs well. In many of the professions the formal training emphasis is often on developing knowledge and skills, with the examination of competence almost exclusively concerned with measuring knowledge and skills against a set of standards.
　
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