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c) the terminology should reflect everyday language for behaviour, rather than psychological jargon;
d) the skills listed at the behavioural level should be directly observable in the case of social skills or inferable from crew interaction in the case of cognitive skills.
The resulting structure of NOTECHS comprises four categories: co-operation, Leadership and Managerial Skills, Situation Awareness, Decision Making. These four primary categories effectively subdivide into two social skills categories (Co-operation; Leadership and Managerial) and two cognitive skills categories (Situation Awareness; Decision Making). In relation to the four categories, 15 elements were identified. For each element, a number of positive and negative exemplar behaviours were included. These were phrased as generic behaviours (e.g. closes loop for communications) rather than specific behaviours (e.g. reads back to ATC) to give an indication of type, and to avoid designating particular actions that should be observed.
Finally, a set of NOTECHS Principles was established, which should be adhered to when the system is used.
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Evaluations based on observable behaviours;

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Need for technical consequences;

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Evaluations based on repeatedly shown behaviour patterns;

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Scale should allow for ratings of acceptable to unacceptable behaviours;

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Explanation required if unacceptable category rating is given.

The NOTECHS system requires a minimum of two full days of specialist training and this should meet the recommendations in the guidelines above. Further information on the development and evaluation of the NOTECHS system can be found in the Joint Aviation Requirements – Translation and Elaboration of Legislation (JARTEL) project reports.
Table 1 The NOTECHS Behavioural Markers The NOTECHS Rating Scale
Categories  Elements  Example Behaviours 
Co-opERATION  Team building and maintaining  Establishes atmosphere for open communication and participation 
Considering others  Takes condition of other crew members into account 
Supporting others  Helps other crew members in demanding situation 
Conflict solving  Concentrates on what is right rather than who is right 
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGERIAL SKILLS  Use of authority and assertiveness  Takes initiative to ensure involvement and task completion 
Maintaining standards  Intervenes if task completion deviates from standards 
Planning and co-ordinating  Clearly states intentions and goals 
Workload management  Allocates enough time to complete tasks 
SITUATION AWARENESS  System awareness  Monitors and reports changes in system’s states 
Environmental awareness  Collects information about the environment 
Anticipation  Identifies possible future problems 
　
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