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Sustained attention as its name implies, refers to the ability to maintain attention and remain alert over long periods of time, often on one task. Most of the research has been carried out in connection with monitoring radar displays.
Attention is influenced by arousal level and stress. This can improve attention or damage it depending on the circumstances.
Perception involves the organisation and interpretation of sensory data in order to make it meaningful, discarding non-relevant data, i.e. transforming data into information. Perception is a highly sophisticated mechanism and requires existing knowledge and experience to know what data to keep and what to discard, and how to associate the data in a meaningful manner.
An example of the perceptual process is where the image formed on the retina is inverted and two dimensional, yet we see the world the right way up and in three dimensions; if the head is turned, the eyes detect a constantly changing pattern of images, yet we perceive things around us to have a set location, rather than move chaotically.

2.5 Decision Making
Having recognised coherent information from the stimuli reaching our senses, a course of action has to be decided upon. In other words decision making occurs. Decision making is the generation of alternative course of action based on available information, knowledge, prior experience, expectation, context, goals, etc. and selecting one preferred option. It is also described as thinking, problem solving and judgement.
This may range from deciding to do nothing, to deciding to act immediately in a very specific manner. A GPWS "pull up" warning, for instance, may trigger a well-trained sequence of actions without further thought (i.e. pull back on stick ); alternatively, an unfamiliar cockpit warning may require further information to be gathered before an appropriate course of action can be initiated.
We are not usually fully aware of the processes and information which we use to make a decision. Tools can be used to assist the process of making a decision, the most common in flight operations being checklists and QRHs containing SOPs. Thus, good decisions are based on knowledge supplemented by written information and procedures, analysis of observed symptoms, performance indications, etc. It can be dangerous to believe that existing knowledge and prior experience will always be sufficient in every situation as will be shown in the section entitled ‘Information Processing Limitations’.
Finally, once a decision has been made, an appropriate action can be carried out. Our senses receive feedback of this and its result. This helps to improve knowledge and refine future judgement by learning from experience.

2.6 Memory
Memory is critical to our ability to act consistently and to learn new things. Without memory, we could not capture a ‘stream’ of information reaching our senses, or draw on past experience and apply this knowledge when making decisions. Memory can be considered to be the storage and retention of learning, experience and knowledge, as well as the ability to retrieve this information.
　
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